Challenges facing anti-corruption mechanisms in dominant party systems: a case study of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa, 2004-2019

Date
2023-12
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Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The African National Congress (ANC) has achieved remarkable success in South Africa's multi-party democratic elections since 1994, obtaining the majority of the votes in each election and achieving convincing electoral successes. In every election cycle the incumbent has maintained its majority resulting in a dominant party system and a steady grip on state resources. The democratic well-being of South Africa is thus contingent on the performance of the dominant party that is in power. This extends to the health of a democracy, which can only be achieved with independent and effective horizontal accountability mechanisms. However, in the case of South Africa, high levels of fraud, corruption and the mismanagement of state resources have characterised the ANC’s dominance across all spheres of government underlines the importance of anti-corruption mechanisms in the public sector. Therefore, this research study sought to understand the challenges facing public sector anticorruption mechanisms in a dominant party system where pervasive public sector corruption is encouraged and maintained by the incumbent at the provincial level of government. Despite the initially competitive electoral contestation between the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) and the ANC during the first decade of democracy, the province of KwaZulu-Natal has since become an ANC stronghold, and during the ANC’s period of governing there have been continuous allegations of corruption, often involving senior members of the ruling party across the province. Poor fiscal practices, the absence of political stability, and the prevalence of patronage networks have all had an influence on the provincial departments and local government municipalities of KwaZulu-Natal, with reports of widespread corruption implicating ANC officials. Utilising a qualitative methodology and a case study design, primary data were collected from key informants through semi-structured interviews. Key informants from anti-corruption entities, namely the Public Service Commission, the Auditor-General, the Public Protector and the Standing Committee on Oversight, were interviewed, together with knowledgeable members of civil society and academia. Findings from this research study suggest that the blurring of party and state lines, political interference, limited capacity, and non-compliance are key impediments to the effectiveness of anti-corruption mechanisms. A lack of political will proved to be an additional impediment to the effectiveness of the accountability mechanisms, particularly in the provincial legislative oversight committee. The dominant party system has compromised the independence of anti-corruption mechanisms in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) and hindered their role of seeking accountability. The current existing anti-corruption mechanisms rely heavily on political will from the ruling party, which has been absent, yet in order for them to be successful, they need to be free from political interference. To counteract the accountability challenges brought on by the shortcomings of the dominant-party system, it is recommended that existing institutions be empowered with greater autonomy, especially the Public Service Commission, which ideally needs to become a Chapter 9 institution. And in order to avoid placing further strain on the national budget, it would be wiser to focus on increasing the independence and efficiency of the already existing anti-corruption institutions rather than creating new ones. The decline of the ANC’s electoral support and the seemingly evident end of the dominant-party system, and its replacement with a more competitive, multi-party system, might in turn enable the effectiveness of anti-corruption initiatives and hence provide hope of greater accountability in South Africa’s political future.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die African National Congress (ANC) het sedert 1994 merkwaardige sukses in Suid-Afrika se veelparty demokratiese verkiesings behaal. Die party het met die verkryging van die meerderheid van stemme in elke verkiesing oortuigende verkiesingsuksesse behaal en het dus met elke verkiesingsiklus die gesag behou, wat gelei het tot 'n dominante politieke partystelsel en 'n bestendige greep op invloedryke staatshulpbronne. Vir 'n demokrasie om suksesvol te wees, moet die heersende politieke party doeltreffend funksioneer en die demokratiese welstand van 'n land is derhalwe afhanklik van die dominante party wat aan bewind is. Dit bepaal die kwaliteit van demokrasie, wat deur sterk en doeltreffende horisontale aanspreeklikheidsmeganismes onderlê word. In die geval van Suid-Afrika het hoë vlakke van bedrog en korrupsie egter die ANC se oorheersing in alle fasette gekenmerk, wat gelei het tot wanbestuur van hulpbronne, en sodoende die groter belangrikheid van antikorrupsiemeganismes in die openbare sektor onderstreep. Verwante navorsing fokus meestal op die uitdagings en ondoeltreffendheid van antikorrupsie-instellings in óf die plaaslike óf nasionale regeringsfeer. Hierdie navorsingstudie poog om die uitdagings te verstaan wat die openbare sektor teenkorrupsiemeganismes in die gesig staar in 'n dominante partystelsel waar die omvang van korrupsie in die openbare sektor aangemoedig en onderhou word deur die posbekleër in die provinsiale regeringsfeer. Ten spyte van die aanvanklike mededingende verkiesingsstryd tussen die Inkhata Vryheidsparty (IVP) en die ANC gedurende die eerste dekade van demokrasie, het KwaZulu-Natal sedertdien 'n ANCvesting geword, en in hierdie tydperk was daar voortdurende bewerings van korrupsie waarby senior lede van die regerende party regoor die provinsie betrek was. Swak fiskale praktyke, die afwesigheid van politieke standvastigheid, en die voorkoms van patronaatskapnetwerke het alles 'n invloed op die provinsiale departemente en plaaslike regeringsmunisipaliteite van KwaZulu-Natal gehad, met berigte van wydverspreide korrupsie wat ANC-amptenare implementeer. Deur gebruik te maak van 'n kwalitatiewe metodologie, die gevallestudie tegniek, wat primêre data van sleutel-informante deur middel van semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude trek, dui bevindinge van hierdie navorsingstudie daarop dat die vervaging van party- en staatslyne, politieke inmenging, beperkte kapasiteit en gebrek aan nakoming die doeltreffendheid van anti-korrupsiemeganismes belemmer het. 'n Gebrek aan politieke wil, wat 'n bykomende belemmering vir die doeltreffendheid van die aanspreeklikheidsmeganismes was, veral in die parlementêre oorsigkomitee, het dit ook getipeer. Die dominante partystelsel en die ononderbroke oorheersing van die sittende ANC het hierdie uitdagings vererger, wat ander arms van die staat geraak het, insluitend hoofstuk 9- en 10-instellings en die provinsiale parlement. 'n Dominante partystelsel sal dus waarskynlik teenkorrupsiemeganismes ondoeltreffend maak, veral in die provinsiale regeringsfeer. Die agteruitgang van 'n dominante party, indien dit deur 'n meer mededingende, veelpartystelsel vervang word, kan moontlik groter aanspreeklikheid te weeg bring en sodoende teenkorrupsiemeganismes versterk. Om die aanspreeklikheidskwessies wat deur die dominante-party-stelsel meegebring word, teë te werk, word aanbeveel dat bestaande instellings met volledige outonomie bemagtig word om hul onafhanklikheid te waarborg, wat dit vir hulle moontlik maak om effektief te wees ongeag die toestande van die dominante partystelsel. Om te verhoed dat verdere druk op die nasionale begroting geplaas word, sal dit wyser wees om te fokus op die verhoging van die doeltreffendheid van die reeds bestaande antikorrupsie instellings, in plaas daarvan om 'n nuwe een te skep. Die huidige bestaande anti-korrupsie meganismes maak sterk staat op politieke wil van die regerende party, wat afwesig was, en om meer suksesvol te wees word aanbeveel dat hulle nie afhanklik moet wees van politieke wil nie, maar eerder 'n onafhanklike entiteit, vry is van politieke inmenging.
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Thesis (DPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2023.
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