Genotyping respiratory viruses in sudden unexpected death in infancy cases (SUDI) at Tygerberg Medico-legal Mortuary

Date
2023-03
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY: Background: Infant mortality remains a major global concern. Sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI) is reported globally and accounted for 40% of infant deaths between 2012 and 2016 in the Western Cape. No standardised investigation protocol exists for SUDI cases in South Africa, and research is poorly funded. Previous research highlight the burden of respiratory viruses in infants and SUDI cases, however molecular typing of respiratory viruses in SUDI cases is lacking. Methods: HRV and RSV polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive trachea and lung swab samples of SUDI cases admitted to Tygerberg Medico-legal Mortuary between 2015 and 2019 were identified and included in this study. The Allplex™ RV Essential Assay was repeated on these samples to confirm that only PCR-positive samples were selected and included in this study. Positive samples underwent automated nucleic acid extraction, one-step, nested RT-PCR, and confirmed for amplification by gel electrophoresis before sequencing. Sequencing results were aligned and underwent phylogenetic analysis. Results: A total of 116 SUDI cases were HRV and/or RSV PCR-positive and included in the study, with a median age of SUDI of 10.9 weeks. More cases were female (53.4%), of African ethnicity (51.7%), and from informal housing (54.3%). Of the infants that were included in this study, 35.4% died during the autumn and winter, compared to summer and spring. According to the information provided by parents or caregivers, most infants bed-shared (94.8%) and when compared to prone and supine positions, most infants were placed to sleep on their side (49.14%) and were found in this position (40.05%). Human rhinovirus (HRV) detected in trachea and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) detected in the lung were significantly associated with sex and all four seasons (p<0.05). HRV samples fell within three distinct species , HRV-A (n=28), followed by -C (n=11), and -B (n=4). In total, eight HRV-A (A28, A80, A10, A82, A43, A56, A11, and A63), one -B (B84), and seven -C (C22, C19, C24, C35, C29, C38, and C2) genotypes were identified. Two RSV groups were identified, RSV-A (n=5) and -B (n=5). No RSV-A sequences were assigned as ON1, and two samples were assigned BA9 after amino acid alignment indicating characteristic of 20 amino acid duplication, as well as K218T, L223P, K225I, V251T, D253N, S267P, H287Y, S288L, and E292G substitutions. Conclusion: These study results were comparable to SUDI trends within the East Metropole of Cape Town, as well as globally. Respiratory viruses, especially in combination with sociodemographic and meteorological factors, remain key contributors to SUDI. The phylogenetic analysis describes the first molecular characterisation of respiratory viruses in SUDI cases in Africa. Without prospective sampling the current burden and characterisation of circulating HRV and RSV types and associations with clinical disease severity are unknown.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Babasterftes (onder die ouderdom van een jaar) bly grotendeels kommerwekkend wereldwyd. Die skielike onverwagse dood van ‘n baba, of beter bekend as wiegiedood, kom wereldwyd voor en was verantwoordelik vir 40% van babasterftes tussen 2012 en 2016 in die Wes-Kaap. Geen gestandaardiseerde ondersoekprotokol bestaan vir wiegiedood in Suid-Afrika nie, en navorsing word swak befonds. Vorige navorsing beklemtoon egter die las van respiratoriese virusse by babas en wiegiedood gevalle, maar molekulere tipering van respiratoriese virusse in hierdie gevalle ontbreek. Metodes: Menslike Rhinovirus (MRV) en Respiratoriese Sinsitiale Virus (RSV) polimerase kettingreaksie (PKR)-positiewe tragea- en longdeppermonsters van wiegiedood gevalle wat tussen 2015 en 2019 in die Tygerberg Medies-geregtelik Lykshuis opgeneem is, is geidentifiseer en in die studie ingesluit. Die Allplex™ RV Essential Assay is op hierdie monsters herhaal om te verseker dat slegs PKR-positiewe monsters in die studie ingesluit word. Positiewe monsters het outomatiese nukleiensuurekstraksie, een-stap, geneste PKR ondergaan, en amplifikasie is deur middel van gel elektroforese bevestig voor volgordebepaling uitgevoer is. Volgordebepalingsresultate is belyn en het filogenetiese analise ondergaan. Resultate: ‘n Totaal van 116 wiegiedood gevalle was MRV en/of RSV PKR-positief en is in die studie ingesluit, met ‘n mediaan wiegiedoodouderdom van 10.9 weke. Meer gevalle was vroulik (53.4%), van Afrikaan-etnisiteit (51.7%), en afkomstig van informele behuising (54.3%). Van die gevalle wat in die studie ingesluit is, het 35.4% gedurende herfs en winter gesterf, in vergelyking met somer en lente. Volgens die inligting wat deur ouers en versorgers voorsien is, het meeste babas ‘n bed met ander individue gedeel (94.8%), en indien die slaap posisie met rug- of maag-posisie vergelyk word, is die meeste babas op hul sy geplaas om te slaap (49.14%) en is ook in hierdie posisie gevind (40.05%). MRV in die tragea en RSV in die long was betekenisvol geassosieer met geslag en al vier seisoene (p<0.05). MRV het geval binne drie verskillenede spesies, MRV-A (n=28), gevolg deur –C (n=11), en –B (n=4). In totaal, was agt MRV-A (A28, A80, A10, A82, A43, A56, A11, en A63), een –B (B84), en sewe –C (C22, C19, C24, C35, C29, C38, en C2) genotipes geidentifiseer. Twee RSV groepe was geidentifiseer, naamlik RSV-A (n=5) en –B (n=5). Geen RSV-A volgordes was as ON1 aangewys nie, en twee monsters was as BA9 aangewys volgens aminosuurbelyning wat die eienskap van 20 aminosuurverdubbeling aandui, sowel as K218T, L223P, K225I, V251T, D253N, S267P, H287Y, S288L, en E292G plaasvervangings. Gevolgtrekking: Hierdie studie se resultate is vergelykbaar met wiegiedood tendense binne die Oos-metropool van Kaapstad, asook wereldwyd. Respiratoriese virusse, veral in kombinasie met sosiodemografiese en meteorologiese faktore, bly steeds sleutelrolspelers in wiegiedood. Die filogenetiese analise beskryf die eerste molekulere karakterisering van respiratoriese virusse in wiegiedoodgevalle in Afrika. Sonder prospektiewe steekproefneming bly die huidige las en karakterisering van sirkulerende MRV en RSV tipes en assosiasies met kliniese siekte-ernstigheid onbekend.
Description
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2023.
Keywords
Citation