Development of a demand response programme for the coal mining industry
| dc.contributor.advisor | Vermeulen, H. J. | en_ZA |
| dc.contributor.author | Pretorius, Coenraad Benjamin | en_ZA |
| dc.contributor.other | Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Engineering. Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering. | en_ZA |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2016-12-22T13:38:43Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2016-12-22T13:38:43Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2016-12 | |
| dc.description | Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2016. | en_ZA |
| dc.description.abstract | ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Power grids are facing significant challenges today. Their primary purpose is to provide energy that is reliable, affordable, environmentally friendly and available at the push of a button. The historical power grid based on large, fossil fuel based, centralised power stations is shifting towards a smart grid based on distributed, low carbon power stations. The smart grid of the future is required to be able to adapt and optimise itself in real-time. Demand response is expected to play a major role in balancing supply and demand in future, especially for systems with high penetration of renewable energy. It is important that consumers take an active role in managing their energy consumption and performance. This project focusses on evaluating the potential for demand response in the coal mining industry. The high-level mining processes are reviewed with the view to identify viable demand response assets, i.e. electrical load components that can respond significantly to a demand response event. A detailed analysis of operating parameters and electrical energy consumption profiles of the various mining processes are conducted for six mines, representing both open-pit operations and underground operations. The results indicate that the coal processing plants, draglines and the underground sections represent viable demand response assets. Historical, current and potential demand response events were analysed to characterise the frequency and durations of typical demand response events. These events include pricing based events, voluntary participation programmes, emergency load curtailment and extreme load curtailment. These scenarios were considered both with and without a solar photovoltaic plant on the consumer side of the grid. Regression models, which allow energy consumption to be predicted based on production throughput, were developed for each of the demand response assets. Simulations were conducted to determine the hourly production plan for the demand response assets, with the objective to minimise energy costs. The simulations were limited by the historic operational constraints and the energy constraints, based on the four typical demand response scenarios. The simulations were done for both the MegaFlex and critical peak day tariffs. The results of the simulations indicate that the demand response scenarios could be theoretically accommodated by adjusting production planning while meeting the monthly production throughput. In many cases, potential energy costs savings and production increases may be realised. The need for demand response in the future power grid is clear. It will require changes from governments, utilities and consumers as a crucial first step. The solution is driven by people, behaviour and processes rather than technology. Demand response is, however, further enabled by the advances in smart grids, data analytics, processing power of modern computers and distributed energy resources. The time is apt to develop a clear demand response strategy for South Africa as part of the introduction of smart grid concepts. | en_ZA |
| dc.description.abstract | AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kragstelsels ondergaan tans groot uitdagings. Hul hoofdoel is om energie te voorsien wat betroubaar, bekostigbaar, omgewingsvriendelik en beskikbaar is met die druk van 'n knoppie. Die historiese kragstelsel wat gebaseer is op groot, fossiel brandstof, gesentraliseerde kragstasies is besig om verskuif na ‘n slim netwerk, gebaseer op verspreide, lae koolstof kragstasies. Die slim netwerk van die toekoms sal homself in reële tyd kan aanpas en optimeer. Daar word verwag dat vraagrespons 'n belangrike rol gaan speel in die balans van voorsiening en aanvraag in die toekoms, veral vir stelsels met ‘n hoë penetrasie van hernubare energie. Dit is belangrik dat verbruikers 'n aktiewe rol neem in die bestuur van hul energieverbruik en prestasie. Hierdie projek fokus op evaluering van die potensiaal van vraagrespons in die steenkool mynbedryf. Die hoë-vlak mynbou prosesse word hersien met die doel om lewensvatbare vraagrespons bates te identifiseer, m.a.w. die bates wat beduidend kan reageer op 'n vraagrespons gebeurtenis. 'n Gedetailleerde ontleding van bedryfstelsel parameters en elektriese energieverbruik profiele van die verskillende myn prosesse word uitgevoer vir ses myne, wat beide oop groef en ondergrondse operasies behels. Die resultate dui daarop dat die steenkool verwerkingsaanlegte, draglines en die ondergrondse seksies lewensvatbare vraagrespons bates verteenwoordig. Historiese, huidige en potensiële vraagrespons gebeure is ontleed ten einde frekwensie en duurtes van tipiese vraagrespons gebeurtenisse te bepaal. Hierdie gebeurtenisse sluit prys gebaseerde gebeure, vrywillige deelname programme, nood las inperking en uiterste las beperking in. Hierdie scenario’s is oorweeg beide met, en sonder 'n sonkrag fotovoltaïese aanleg aan die verbruiker kant van die netwerk. Regressie modelle, wat toelaat dat die energieverbruik voorspel kan word gebaseer op die produksie deurset, is vir elk van die vraagrespons bates ontwikkel. Simulasies is uitgevoer om die uurlikse produksie plan vir die vraagrespons bates te bepaal, met die doel om die koste van energie te minimaliseer. Die simulasies is beperk deur die historiese operasionele beperkings en die energie beperkings, gebaseer op die vier tipiese vraagrespons scenario’s. Die simulasies is vir beide die MegaFlex en kritiese piek dagtariewe gedoen. Die resultate van die simulasies toon aan dat die vraagrespons scenario’s teoreties geakkommodeer kan word deur produksie beplanning aan te pas, terwyl die maandelikse produksie deurset gehandhaaf kan word. In baie gevalle kan potensiële energie koste besparings en produksie toenames verwesenlik word. Die behoefte vir vraagrespons in die toekomstige kragnetwerk is duidelik. Dit sal veranderinge vereis van regerings, kragvoorsieners en verbruikers as 'n belangrike eerste stap. Die oplossing word deur mense, gedrag en prosesse eerder as deur tegnologie gedryf. Vraagrespons word nietemin verder bevorder deur die vooruitgang in slim netwerke, data analise, die verwerkings vermoë van moderne rekenaars en verspreide energiebronne. Daar bestaan tans ‘n goeie geleentheid om ‘n duidelike strategie te ontwikkel vir vraagrespons wat deel vorm van die bekendstelling van slim netwerk konsepte in Suid-Afrika. | af_ZA |
| dc.format.extent | 157 pages : illustrations | en_ZA |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100308 | |
| dc.language.iso | en_ZA | en_ZA |
| dc.publisher | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University | en_ZA |
| dc.rights.holder | Stellenbosch University | en_ZA |
| dc.subject | Coal mining | en_ZA |
| dc.subject | Fossil fuel power plants | en_ZA |
| dc.subject | Power resources | en_ZA |
| dc.subject | UCTD | en_ZA |
| dc.subject | Coal mines and mining | en_ZA |
| dc.title | Development of a demand response programme for the coal mining industry | en_ZA |
| dc.type | Thesis | en_ZA |