Causes and consequences of dispersal in the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata

Date
2015-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY: The ability of insects to perform under challenging environmental conditions is paramount to their survival, population growth and evolutionary fitness. Understanding why some organisms persist in certain habitats but not others is the first step to comprehending present, past and future species distributions, of particular importance under future global climate change. Key traits that may assist a species to continue to perform under poor conditions and may potentially assist in surviving future variable and warming conditions include enhanced dispersal capabilities, a wide performance breadth and plastic responses. Repeated mark-release-recapture (MRR) experiments were conducted to measure the performance (dispersal) and plastic responses of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (a prolific global invader). Dispersive and philopatric individuals were morphometrically assessed (including wing size and shape, body mass, abdomen mass, thorax mass and various ratios thereof) to identify phenotypic traits associated with enhanced dispersal. Thereafter, focussed laboratory experiments were undertaken to determine which aspects of flight performance are enhanced, or associated with, potential dispersal traits. Performance was then compared under various thermal limits (chill coma recovery, CCRT; heat knockdown time, HKDT; critical thermal minimum and maximum, CTmin and CTmax, respectively) to examine the influence of different thermal acclimation regimes and determine the responses of phenotypic plasticity in C. capitata. Subsequently, the costs and benefits of dispersal and its plasticity were measured under semi-field (greenhouse) and field conditions to determine how close laboratory predictions are to the real world. These experiments allowed the discovery of the phenotypic trait associated with dispersal (larger thorax mass: body mass). However, contrary to a widely-held expectation, it did not result in enhanced whole-animal flight performance, but was rather related to willingness to disperse (i.e. dispersal propensity). Furthermore, the integration of the three operational environments (laboratory, semi-field and field) illustrated that C. capitata’s performance is influenced by thermal conditions and highlighted the best acclimation treatment (20°C acclimation, especially in warmer conditions) for enhanced performance. A challenge for invasion biology is the development of a predictive understanding of species invasion ability. Clarity on the species dispersal potential and the factors that influence it is an integral part of the problem. From this study, it is shown that dispersal is condition dependent (e.g. phenotypic traits and behaviour) as well as context dependent (e.g. thermal history and environmental temperature). This may benefit predictions of the future invasion risk of C. capitata and potentially improve current management strategies.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die vermoë van insekte om take uit te voer onder uitdagende omgewings-toestande is uiters belangrik vir hul oorlewing, bevolkingsgroei en evolusionêre fiksheid. Deur te verstaan waarom sommige organismes volhard in sekere habitatte, maar nie ander nie is die eerste stap om die teenwoordige, verlede en toekomstige spesie verspreiding te begryp, wat van besondere belang is onder toekomstige globale klimaatsverandering. Sleutel kenmerke wat 'n spesie kan help om voort te gaan en om take uit tevoer onder hierdie toestande en wat potensieel hulle kan help oorleef in die toekomstige veranderlike en warmer toestande sluit in verbeterde verspreiding vermoëns, 'n wye prestasie breedte en plastiese reaksies. Herhaalde merk-loslaat-vang eksperimente is onderneem om die prestasie (verspreiding) en plastiese reaksies van die Mediterreense vrugtevlieg, Ceratitis capitata (globale indringer) te meet. Verspreiders en nie-verspreider individue is morfometies beoordeel (insluitend vleuel grootte en vorm, liggaamsmassa, abdomen massa, toraks massa en verskeie verhoudings daarvan) om fenotipiese eienskappe wat verband hou met verbeterde verspreiding te identifiseer. Daarna is gefokusde laboratorium eksperimente onderneem om te bepaal watter aspekte sal die vlug prestasie verbeter, of wat verband hou met, potensiële verspreiding eienskappe. Prestasie is toe vergelyk onder verskillende termiese grense (koue koma herstel tyd; verhitting omval tyd, kritiese termiese minimum en maksimum, CTmin en CTmax onderskeidelik) om die invloed van verskillende termiese akklimasie patrone te ondersoek en om die reaksie van fenotipiese plastisiteit in C. capitata te bepaal. Daarna was die koste en voordele van die verspreiding en die plastisiteit in C. capitata gemeet onder semi-veld (kweekhuis) en veldtoestande om te bepaal hoe naby laboratorium voorspellings is aan die regte wêreld. Hierdie eksperimente het toegelaat dat die fenotipiese einskap wat geassosieer is met verspreiding (groter toraks massa: liggaamsmassa) ontdek is. Alhoewel, in teenstelling met 'n wyd-gehoude verwagting, het dit nie gelei tot verbeterde heel-dier vlug prestasie nie, maar is eerder verwant aan bereidwilligheid om te versprei (bv verspreiding geneigdheid). Verder het die integrasie van die drie operasionele omgewings (laboratorium, semi-veld en die veld) geïllustreer dat die prestasie van C. capitata beïnvloed word deur termiese omstandighede en die beste akklimasie behandeling uitgelig (20°C Akklimasie, veral in warmer toestande) vir 'n beter prestasie. 'n Uitdaging vir indringerbiologie is die ontwikkeling van 'n voorspellende begrip van spesies inval vermoë. Duidelikheid oor die spesie se verspreiding en die faktore wat dit beinvloed is 'n integrale deel van die probleem. Hierdie studie, toon aan dat die verspreiding is toestand afhanklik (bv. fenotipiese eienskappe en gedrag) sowel as konteks afhanklik (bv. termiese geskiedenis en omgewing temperatuur). Hierdie kan dus voorspellings oor die toekomstige inval risiko van C. capitata baat en selfs huidige bestuur strategieë verbeter.
Description
Thesis (MScConsEcol)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
Keywords
Mediterranean fruit-fly -- Dispersal, Phenotypic plasticity, Ceratitis capitata -- Biogeography, Invation biology, Invasive species, Climatic changes, Climate change, UCTD
Citation