Propylene / 1-pentene random copolymers : preparation, characterisation and commercialisation

Date
2002-03
Authors
Potgieter, A. H. (Antonie Hermanus)
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Most polypropylene copolymers commercially available have ethylene, and to a lesser degree t-butene as comonomers. Commercially available higher a-olefins, mostly even-numbered, are seldom used for the production of pp copolymers, probably due to cost. Sasol's Fischer- Tropsch oil-from-coal process produces many linear and branched a-olefins as by-products that can be isolated and purified by a relatively cheap refinery process, including the odd-numbered 1- pentene olefin. Sasol's gas-phase Novolen pp plant at Secunda, South Africa is ideally suited to the manufacture of high quality pp random copolymers. As such an opportunity was identified to research the use of higher a-olefins, and more specifically 1-pentene, in the gas-phase production of pp random copolymers. Different methods to produce propylene / 1-pentene random copolymers in the slurry phase on bench-scale were investigated. A procedure was subsequently developed to produce propylene / 1-pentene random copolymers in the gas-phase in 10 litre autoclaves. It was found that commercially available fourth generation supported catalysts successfully incorporated the bulky 1-pentene monomer into the propylene backbone, both during slurry and gas-phase polymerisations. Software modelling was employed to determine the dew points of selected gas mixtures typically found during the production of pp random copolymers. The results indicated that typical process conditions could be employed during the gas-phase polymerisation of propylene and 1-pentene without the risk of condensation taking place inside the reactor. Propylene / 1-pentene random copolymers were subsequently successfully produced on the 800 litre BASF pilot plant in Germany followed by the first commercial production of the copolymer on Sasol's 50m3 Novolen gas-phase plant at Secunda. Using commercially available software the impact of introducing 1-pentene as comonomer during the production of random copolymers on the condenser cooling capacity was evaluated. Feasible and safe plant operating conditions were established for the production of propylene / 1-pentene random copolymers. The relationship between operating pressure and powder morphology was investigated to optimise process conditions. Operating at higher pressure in the gas-phase increases the monomer concentration in the reactor and as such improves the space/time/yield ratio of the 50m3 reactors. It was shown that higher operating pressures could be employed through the introduction of 1-pentene as comonomer during the production of PP random copolymer. The dramatic increase in catalyst productivity observed during the 800 litre pilot plant trials, up to a comonomer ratio of about 5%, supported the results obtained from a kinetic study carried out in bench-scale autoclaves. A comprehensive study was undertaken to compare the rheological, thermal, crystallisation, physical and mechanical properties of propylene / 1-pentene random copolymers with those of commercially available pp random copolymers. A series of propylene homo- and random copolymers with 1-pentene and ethylene as comonomers respectively, was prepared. NMR and IR techniques were developed to facilitate the determination of copolymer composition for the new family of 1-pentene random copolymers. The effect of comonomer content, molecular weight and temperature on the properties of the series of polymers was investigated. The propylene / 1-pentene random copolymers show unique rheological behaviour associated with the short propyl branches in the polymer backbone with minimum zero shear viscosity at about 2% 1-pentene content. The effect of molecular structure changes with comonomer content were analysed by the calculation of square average end-toend distance, packing length, tube diameter, molecular mass between entanglements and critical molecular mass. The viscosity of the 1-pentene random copolymers shows higher shear and temperature sensitivity compared to propylene homo- and ethylene random copolymers. The thermodynamic melting point of the propylene / 1-pentene random copolymers showed a significant decrease with increasing comonomer content in the 0 to 5% range. A wider melting range and higher peak melting point depression rate was observed compared to ethylene random copolymers at similar and increasing comonomer content measured on a weight % basis. It was found that the crystal structure of the propylene / 1-pentene random copolymers contains both the Q- and the y-modifications with the ratio of the respective crystal forms a function of both comonomer content and crystallisation temperature. The glass temperature decreased slightly with increasing comonomer (1-pentene) content. It is proposed that the short branch (propyl) "defects" in the polymer backbone are .incorporated into the crystal lattice resulting in increased rate of melting point depression with increasing (wt%) comonomer content compared to other random copolymers while maintaining relative high stiffness. The propylene / 1-pentene random copolymers exhibit the lowest haze values compared to all commercially available pp random copolymers at corresponding levels of comonomer content on a wt% basis. The stiffness to haze ratio of propylene / 1-pentene random copolymers are unique for all the members of the pp family. An inverse relationship between comonomer content and the measured tensile yield strength and modulus is observed. Application studies conducted on the propylene / 1-pentene random copolymers highlighted several interesting characteristics. Films produced from these copolymers exhibited very low haze and xylene soluble values while maintaining mechanical integrity. In the BOPP application the combination of processability and premium film properties presents a unique opportunity for the family of propylene / 1-pentene random copolymers. Blow moulding and injection moulding trials highlighted several advantages of product properties manufactured with propylene / 1-pentene random copolymers if compared to other commercially available random copolymers. The 1-pentene randoms presented lower in-mould as well as total shrinkage than ethylene based random copolymers. Stabilisation and nucleation studies conducted on the propylene / 1-pentene random copolymers showed that a typical combination antioxidant package and nucleating agent, at normal loading levels, could be used. In the larger pp random copolymer family 1-pentene imparts a better balance of properties than other comonomers. The combination of low melting point and xylene solubles with high stiffness and clarity is unique to propylene / 1-pentene random copolymers.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die oorgrote meerderheid van kommersieel beskikbare polipropileen (PP) kopolimere het etileen, en tot 'n mindere mate buteen, as komonomeer. Die relatief hoë koste van kommersieel beskikbare hoër alfa-olefiene is moontlik die rede waarom hulle selde gebruik word vir die vervaardiging van PP kopolimere. Die Sasol Fischer-Tropsch proses, waartydens olie uit steenkool vervaardig word, lewer verskeie liniêre en vertakte alfa-olefiene as neweprodukte wat geïsoleer en gesuiwer kan word in 'n relatiewe goedkoop rafineringsproses. Dit sluit ook die onewe-koolstofgetal 1-penteen-olefien in. Sasol se gasfase Novolen PP aanleg in Secunda, Suid-Afrika, is besonder geskik vir die vervaardiging van hoë standaard PP statistiese kopolimere. Voortvloeiend hieruit is die geleentheid geidentifiseer om die gebruik van hoër alfa-olefiene, en meer spesifiek 1-penteen, na te vors tydens die gasfaseproduksie van PP statistiese kopolimere. Verskeie metodes om propeleen / 1-penteen statistiese kopolimere in 'n koolwaterstofoplosmiddel op laboratoriumskaal te produseer, is ondersoek. 'n Prosedure is daarna ontwikkel om propileen / 1-penteen statistiese kopolimere ook in die gasfase te vervaardig in 10-liter drukvate. Die bevinding was dat kommersieel beskikbare vierde-generasie ondersteunde kataliste die swaarder 1-penteenmonomeer suksesvol geïnkorporeer het in die propileenketting tydens beide die koolwaterstof oplosmiddel- en gasfase polimerisasiereaksies. Rekenaargebaseerde modellering is gebruik om die kondensasiekondisies van tipiese gasmengsels, teenwoordig tydens die produksie van PP statistiese kopolimere, te bepaal. Die resultate het aangedui dat normale proseskondisies tydens die gasfasepolimerisasie van propileen en 1-penteengeen risiko van kondensasie in die reaktor inhou nie. Propileen / 1-penteen statistiese kopolimere is gevolglik met groot sukses vervaardig by die 800-liter BASF loodsaanleg in Duitsland, gevolg deur die eerste kommersiële vervaardiging van die kopolimeer op die Sasol50m3 Novolen gasfase-aanleg in Secunda. Deur gebruik te maak van kommersieel beskikbare sagteware, is die impak van 1-penteen as komonomeer tydens die vervaardiging van statistiese kopolimere op die verkoelingskapasiteit van die kondensator bepaal. Veilige en uitvoerbare aanlegkondisies is uitgestip vir die vervaardiging van propileen /1-penteen statistiese kopolimere. Die verhouding tussen die reaktordruk en poeiermorfologie is ondersoek om die prosestoestande te optimiseer. Vervaardiging van kopolimere in die gasfase by hoër drukke lei tot verhoogde monomeerkonsentrasie in die reaktor en gevolglik hoër produksiedeursette. Daar is bewys dat tydens die produksie van PP statistiese kopolimere, met 1-penteen as komonomeer, hoër reaktordruk ingespan kan word. Die dramatiese toename in katalisproduktiwiteit waargeneem tydens die 800- liter loodsaanleg proefloop, tot en met 'n komonomeer inhoud van ongeveer 5%, word ondersteun deur die resultate van 'n kinetiese studie uitgevoer in laboriumskaal drukvate. 'n Omvattende studie, om die reologiese, termiese, kristallyne, fisiese en meganiese eienskappe van propileen / 1-penteen statistiese kopolimere te vergelyk met kommersieel beskikbare PP statistiese kopolimere, is uitgevoer. 'n Reeks propileen homo- en statistiese kopolimere, met 1-penteen en etileen as komonomere onderskeidelik, is berei. KMR- en IR- tegnieke is ontwikkel om die bepaling van komonomeersamestelling vir die nuwe familie van 1- penteen statistiese kopolimere te fasiliteer. Die invloed van komonomeersamestelling, molekulere gewig en temperatuur op die eienskappe van die reeks polimere is ondersoek. Die propoleen / 1- penteen statistiese kopolimere toon unieke reologiese eienskappe wat geassosieer kan word met die propielsykettings in die polimeerruggraat. Die viskositeit van die propileen / 1-penteen statistiese kopolimere toon 'n hoër wrywings- en temperatuursensitiwiteit in vergelyking met propileen homo- en etileen statistiese kopolimere. 'n Drastiese verlaging in die termodinamiese smeltpunt van die propileen / 1- penteen statistiese kopolimere met 'n toename in komonomeerinhoud is waargeneem tot en met 'n 5% komonomeerinhoud. Die propileen / 1-penteen statistiese kopolimere toon 'n breër smeltgebied en 'n hoër tempo in die piek smeltpuntafname in vergelyking met etileen statistiese kopolimere met soortgelyke komonomeer inhoud, gemeet op 'n massabasis. Daar is bewys dat die kristalstruktuur van die propileen / 1-penteen statistiese kopolimere beide die alfa en gamma modifikasies bevat. Die verhouding van die onderskeie kristalvorms is 'n funksie van komonomeerinhoud en kristalisasietemperatuur. 'n Afname in die glastemperatuur met verhoogde komonomeer inhoud is waargeneem. Die aanname dat die kort propielsykettings in die polimeerruggraat in die kristalstruktuur geïnkorporeer word, is gemaak. Dit verklaar die hoë afname in die tempo van die smeltpunt met toenemende komonomeer inhoud relatief tot ander statistiese kopolimere, met die handhawing van hoë moduluswaardes. Die besondere deursigtigheid van die propileen / 1-penteen statistiese kopolimere tesame met relatief hoë modulus waardes is uniek. 'n Omgekeerde verhouding tussen komonomeer inhoud en treksterkte asook moduluswaardes is waargeneem. 'n Toepassingstudie uitgevoer met die propileen / 1-penteen statistiese kopolimere het verskeie interessante resultate gelewer. Films vervaardig van hierdie kopolimere toon besonderse deursigtigheid en lae waarde van xileenoplosbaarheid, terwyl meganiese integriteit gehandhaaf word. Voordele in die vervaardigingsproses van BOPP-films asook bogemiddelde filmeienskappe hou unieke moontlikhede vir propileen / 1-penteen statistiese kopolimere in. Verskeie voordele tydens blaas- en spuitvormingsprosesse is waargeneem relatief tot ander beskikbare statistiese kopolimere. Die 1-penteen statistiese kopolimere toon 'n laer in-vorm sowel as totale krimping relatief tot etileen- gebaseerde kopolimere. 'n Studie het aangetoon dat tipiese bymiddelpakette by normale toevoegingsvlakke geskik is vir propileen / 1-penteen statistiese kopolimere. Gesien in die groter pp statistiese kopolimeer familie toon 1-penteen 'n beter balans van eienskappe as ander komonomere. Die kombinasie van laer smeltpunt en xileen-oplosbares met hoë moduluswaardes en helderheid is uniek aan propileen /1-penteen statistiese kopolimere.
Description
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
Keywords
Copolymers, Polymers, Polymerization, Dissertations -- Polymer science, Theses -- Polymer science
Citation