Verbs of sending and carrying in Setswana
Date
2000-03
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
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Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Berth Levin (1993) classified verbs in English into a number of semantical classes. In this assignment the verbs of sending and carrying in Setswana are explored. Levin has
divided these verbs of sending and carrying into subclasses, namely send verbs, slide
verbs, bring and take verbs, carry verbs and drive verbs. The Predicate Argument
Structure of each of the subclasses is encountered both with the underived and derived
verbs with the exception of carry verbs, where only the underived verbs are used.
The framework assumed for this assignment is the Government and Binding Theory
with its subtheories. The theta theory is a subtheory that is explicitly and intensively
implemented while the other theories are implicitly implemented. The theta theory is used to examine the semantic roles of each argument which is assigned to the verbs of sending and carrying.
In this assignment these verbs are also investigated by forcing unusual arguments onto
them. This is done by using animate and inanimate subjects, animate and inanimate objects, as well as animate and inanimate locatives. The thematic roles of each of these arguments are analysed after the discussion.
The syntax of the causative and the applicative as well as their morphology is discussed,
and also the investigation as to whether the insertion of the causative affix and the
applicative affix increases the number of arguments the verb assigns or reduces. Their
effect on the verbs of sending and carrying is also analysed. The effect of the animate
and inanimate locatives on the verbs of sending and carrying is analysed too.
The arguments with the verbs of sending and carrying are subjected to the alternations.
The alternations, locative inversion, passive construction, neuter passive and
coreferential interpretations are used. The morphology of the passive construction is
also discussed. The emphasis in the use of the passive construction and neuter-passive
construction is on the [NP] object movement and [NP Loc] movement.
At the end of the investigation and discussion of each subclass of the verbs of sending
and carrying, after each change of argument from animate to inanimate and vice versa,
and each alternation, an observation of whether their implementation on those verbs are
applicable in Setswana is made.
In view of the investigations and discussions aimed in this assignment it will be realised
that the verbs of sending and carrying are generally applicable in Setswana, also that the
alternations are possible.
Berth Levin (1993) a tlhophisitse madiri a Senyesemane ka ditlhotshwana di le mmalwa ka bokao (semantiki). Mo kakanyotheong e, madiri a jo rama le go rlala a tlhothlomisiwa mo Setswaneng. Levin 0 kgaogantse madiri a go roma le go rwala ka dikarolwana ebong, madiri a go roma, madiri a go relela, madiri a go isa le go tsaya, madiri a go rwala le madiri a go kganna. P.A.S. ya karolwana nngwe le nngwe e ithutwa ka go dirisa madiri a tlholego le madirimatswa a yona kwa ntle ga madiri a go rwala, ao ona a ithutwang ka go dirisa madiri a tlholego fela. Letlhomeso le le tlhophilweng go sekaseka mo kakanyotheong e, ke 'Government and Binding Theory' le dikarolwana tsa yona. Theta-theory ke karolwana e e dirisitsweng thata e bonala fa tse dingwe di dirisitswe mme di sa supiwe. Theta-theory e dirisitswe go sekaseka bokao jo bo tshwerweng ke popi-ina nngwe le nngwe e e abetsweng madiri a go roma le go rwala. Mo Kakanyotheong e, madiri a sekwasekwa ka go pateletsa dipopi-ina tseo a sa di tlwaelang. Se, se dirwa ka go dirisa didiritse eleng ditshedi le tse eseng ditshedi di dirwa tse eseng ditshedi le tse eleng ditshedi, le mafelo ao eleng ditshedi le ao esenge ditshedi a fetolelwa go ao eseng ditshedi le ao e leng ditshedi. Bokao-tiro jwa nngwe le nngwe le nngwe ya dipopi-ina tse, bo a lokololwa mme bo tlhaloswe. Popapolelo ya madirisi le madiredi, mmogo le popafoko tsa tsona di a tlhaloswa, le tshekatsheko ya gore, a go gokelelwa ga ditlhongwa tsa tirisi le tsa tiredi di oketsa palo ya dipopi-ina tseo lediri le di abileng, kgotsa di a di fokotsa e a dirwa sephetho sa tsona mo madiring a go roma le go rwala, le sona se a lokololwa. Sephetho sa lefelo leo e leng ditshidi le teo e leng la eseng ditshedi la madiri a go rama le go rwala le lona se a lokololwa. Dipopi-ina mo madiring a go roma le go rwala di dirisiwa mo dithefosanong. Dithefosano tse, 'locative inversion, passive construction, neuter-passive le coreferential interpretation' di a dirisiwa. Popafoko ya 'passive construction' ea tlhaloswa. Kelotlhoko ekgoio mo tirisong ya 'passive construction' le 'neuter-passive construction' e mo [NP] object movement le [NP Loc] movement. Kwa bofelong jwa ditshekatsheko le ditlhaloso tseo di dirilweng mo dikarolwaneng tsa madiri a go roma le go rwala, morago ga phetogo ya dipopi-ina go tswa go tse eleng ditshedi go ya go tse eseng ditshidi le ka thanolelo, le thefosano nngwe le nngwe, lemogo ya gore, a tiriso ya tsona mo madiring ao e a kgonagala mo Setswaneng, e a dirwa. Ka tebo ya ditshekatsheko le ditlhaloso tse di ikaeletsweng go tsweletswa mo kakanyotheong e, go tla lemogwa gore madiri a go roma le go rwala ka kakaretso a kgonagala mo Setswaneng le gore dithefosano le tsona di a kgonagala.
Berth Levin (1993) a tlhophisitse madiri a Senyesemane ka ditlhotshwana di le mmalwa ka bokao (semantiki). Mo kakanyotheong e, madiri a jo rama le go rlala a tlhothlomisiwa mo Setswaneng. Levin 0 kgaogantse madiri a go roma le go rwala ka dikarolwana ebong, madiri a go roma, madiri a go relela, madiri a go isa le go tsaya, madiri a go rwala le madiri a go kganna. P.A.S. ya karolwana nngwe le nngwe e ithutwa ka go dirisa madiri a tlholego le madirimatswa a yona kwa ntle ga madiri a go rwala, ao ona a ithutwang ka go dirisa madiri a tlholego fela. Letlhomeso le le tlhophilweng go sekaseka mo kakanyotheong e, ke 'Government and Binding Theory' le dikarolwana tsa yona. Theta-theory ke karolwana e e dirisitsweng thata e bonala fa tse dingwe di dirisitswe mme di sa supiwe. Theta-theory e dirisitswe go sekaseka bokao jo bo tshwerweng ke popi-ina nngwe le nngwe e e abetsweng madiri a go roma le go rwala. Mo Kakanyotheong e, madiri a sekwasekwa ka go pateletsa dipopi-ina tseo a sa di tlwaelang. Se, se dirwa ka go dirisa didiritse eleng ditshedi le tse eseng ditshedi di dirwa tse eseng ditshedi le tse eleng ditshedi, le mafelo ao eleng ditshedi le ao esenge ditshedi a fetolelwa go ao eseng ditshedi le ao e leng ditshedi. Bokao-tiro jwa nngwe le nngwe le nngwe ya dipopi-ina tse, bo a lokololwa mme bo tlhaloswe. Popapolelo ya madirisi le madiredi, mmogo le popafoko tsa tsona di a tlhaloswa, le tshekatsheko ya gore, a go gokelelwa ga ditlhongwa tsa tirisi le tsa tiredi di oketsa palo ya dipopi-ina tseo lediri le di abileng, kgotsa di a di fokotsa e a dirwa sephetho sa tsona mo madiring a go roma le go rwala, le sona se a lokololwa. Sephetho sa lefelo leo e leng ditshidi le teo e leng la eseng ditshedi la madiri a go rama le go rwala le lona se a lokololwa. Dipopi-ina mo madiring a go roma le go rwala di dirisiwa mo dithefosanong. Dithefosano tse, 'locative inversion, passive construction, neuter-passive le coreferential interpretation' di a dirisiwa. Popafoko ya 'passive construction' ea tlhaloswa. Kelotlhoko ekgoio mo tirisong ya 'passive construction' le 'neuter-passive construction' e mo [NP] object movement le [NP Loc] movement. Kwa bofelong jwa ditshekatsheko le ditlhaloso tseo di dirilweng mo dikarolwaneng tsa madiri a go roma le go rwala, morago ga phetogo ya dipopi-ina go tswa go tse eleng ditshedi go ya go tse eseng ditshidi le ka thanolelo, le thefosano nngwe le nngwe, lemogo ya gore, a tiriso ya tsona mo madiring ao e a kgonagala mo Setswaneng, e a dirwa. Ka tebo ya ditshekatsheko le ditlhaloso tse di ikaeletsweng go tsweletswa mo kakanyotheong e, go tla lemogwa gore madiri a go roma le go rwala ka kakaretso a kgonagala mo Setswaneng le gore dithefosano le tsona di a kgonagala.
Description
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.
Keywords
Tswana language -- Verb, Grammar, Comparative and general -- Grammatical categories, Linguistics