An analysis of right-wing extremism in post-apartheid South Africa

Date
2022-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Western democracies have seen a surge in right-wing extremism (RWE) over the last decade. With notable examples being the United States, Australia, and large parts of Europe, this is an ideology growing in recruitment ability, legislative influence, and capacity for violence. South Africa (SA), with its oppressive Apartheid history, is not immune to this global development. Thus, conceptions and monitoring of RWE in SA primarily centre around Afrikaner nationalist groups. However, post-Apartheid SA has seen the emergence of additional forms of RWE outside the realm of Afrikaner nationalism. In particular, the operationalization of anti-foreigner groups within various waves of xenophobic violence since 2008, in addition to the July unrest of 2021, have demonstrated RWE elements. Therefore, with its growing influence in Western democracies and clear capacity for social change and harm, it is imperative to understand which forms of RWE are manifesting in post-Apartheid SA and what is driving their recruitment. By employing a qualitative case-study research design, and using secondary desktop research and thematic analysis, this study addresses the question: why has RWE occurred in post-Apartheid SA and what can explain the various manifestations? Using the dense existing literature on RWE, an ideologically comprehensive, but theoretically flexible, framework was designed to identify and analyse right-wing extremist groupings, activity, characteristics, and determinants. The employment of this framework in terms of the pre-1994 period in SA showed three main forms of RWE: Afrikaner extremism, Zulu nationalism, and political vigilantism. Post-Apartheid SA displays a different range of groups, however, still existing within the three main forms seen pre-1994. Afrikaner extremism is still alive through a persistent subculture of Afrikaner nationalism built upon decades of history, culture and religious prophecy. Zulu nationalism has been adopted by some political groups, such as the Radical Economic Transformation faction within the African National Congress (ANC), which seeks to acquire control of the party through the mobilization capacity of the Zulu identity. Political vigilantism has evolved into a violent xenophobic subculture and formalized into anti-foreigner groups such as Operation Dudula, which seek to forcefully expel foreigners from SA. This study finds the primary determinant of these various manifestations to be social change. White extremists long for Apartheid-era social structuring, and black extremists demand the post-Apartheid social and economic rewards they were promised with the inception of democracy in SA. This demand for social change is driven by the frustrations of economic hardship and political resentment caused by lackluster post- 1994 macroeconomic policy, a militarized police force, lagging land reform, ineffective affirmative action and institutionalized corruption. Therefore, these groups have found success in recruiting support based on one or a combination of the discursive opportunities of social inequality, ethnic tensions, land, crime, and immigration. The use of these issues by right-wing extremist groups were found to share the same mainstream nature as other international forms of RWE, along with their focus on youth recruitment and online activity.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Westerse demokrasiee het gedurende die afgelope dekade ‘n oplewing van regtervleuelse ekstremisme (RWE) beleef. Met noemenswaardige voorbeelde soos die Verenigde State van Amerika, Australie en groot dele van Europa, is dit ‘n ideologie wat groei in werwingsvermoe, wetgewende invloed en kapasiteit vir geweld. Suid- Afrika (SA) met sy onderdukkende Apartheid-geskiedenis, is nie immuun teen hierdie globale ontwikkeling nie. Dus is opvattings van RWE in SA hoofsaaklik rondom Afrikaner-nasionalistiese groepe gesentreer. Post- Apartheid SA het egter die ontwikkeling van addisionele vorme van RWE buite die omvang van Afrikaner ekstremisme ervaar. Die formele operasionalisering van xenofobiese groepe in onlangse vlae van xenofobiese geweld, asook die Julie 2021 oproeringe, het die teenwoordigheid van regtervleuelse ekstrimistiese elemente ten toon gestel. Derhalwe, met die groeiende invloed daarvan in ander Westerse demokrasiee en die duidelike kapasiteit vir sosiale verandering en skade, is dit noodsaaklik om te verstaan watter vorme van RWE in post-Apartheid SA buite die tradisionele omvang van Afrikaner nasionalisme manifesteer. Met behulp van ‘n kwalitatiewe gevallestudienavorsingsontwerp deur sekondere navorsing en tematiese analise, beantwoord die navorser die volgende vraag deur hierdie navorsingstuk: waarom het RWE voorgekom in post-Apartheid Suid-Afrika en watter faktore kan die verskeie manifestasies daarvan verklaar? Met behulp van die digte bestaande literatuur oor RWE, is ‘n ideologies-omvattende, maar teoreties-buigsame raamwerk ontwerp om regtervleuelse ekstremistiese groeperings, aktiwiteit, eienskappe en determinante te identifiseer. Die toepassing van hierdie raamwerk op pre-1994 SA, het drie hoofvorme van RWE uitgelig: Afrikaner ekstremisme, Zoeloe nasionalisme en politieke vigilantisme. Post-Apartheid SA vertoon ‘n ander verskeidenheid van groepe, maar val egter steeds binne die drie hoofvorme bestaande voor 1994. Afrikaner ekstremisme is steeds teenwoordig deur ‘n deurlopende subkultuur van Afrikaner nasionalisme, gebou op dekades van geskiedenis en godsdienstige profesie. Zoeloe nasionalisme is deur Jacob Zuma en sy Radikale Ekonomiese Transformasiefaksie, wat poog om politieke mag te wen deur die mobaliseringskapasiteit van die Zoeloe identiteit, aangeneem. Politieke vigilantisme het ontwikkel in ‘n gewelddadige xenofobiese subkultuur en is geformaliseer tot antibuitelandergroepe soos Operasie Dudula, wat poog om buitelanders gedwonge uit SA te verdryf. Daar is gevind dat hierdie groepe sukses behaal deur werwing te baseer op die kwessies van sosiale ongelykheid, etniese spanning, grond, misdaad en immigrasie. Die hoofdeterminant van hierdie verskillende manifestasies is sosiale verandering, met wit ekstremiste wat smag na ‘n Apartheid-era sosiale strukturering, en swart ekstremiste wat die post-Apartheid sosiale belonings eis wat hulle belowe is. Faktore soos mislukte makro-ekonomiese beleid, gemilitariseerde polisiering, grondhervorming, regstellende aksie en korrupsie speel deurslaggewende rolle in die handhawing van ekonomiese swaarkry en politieke wrok wat hierdie begeertes na sosiale verandering dryf. Dit maak die wydverspreide antagonisme binne die Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing en sy sosiale beloningstruktuur uiters volhardend en spreek tot verskeie ekstremistiese groepe gebaseer op talle sosio-ekonomiese foutlyne.
Description
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2022.
Keywords
Right-wing extremists -- South Africa, Post-apartheid era -- South Africa, South Africa -- Politics and government -- 1994-, South Africa -- History -- 1994-, Democracy -- South Africa, Radical Economic Transformation Movement (Retmo), Xenophobia, UCTD
Citation