Participatory guarantee systems in South Africa : experiences and perceptions of members

Date
2021-12
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Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY: The global food system has evolved into a complex network of capitalist corporations, where the environmentally destructive impacts of conventional agriculture are prevalent, as well as the exclusion of small-scale farmers, driven by corporate agribusiness monopolies. Various movements have emerged worldwide to oppose the corporate food system, of which organic farming is among them. Organic farming is considered an important contribution to sustainable food systems and the demand for organic produce is growing worldwide, including in South Africa. Third-part certification emerged as a prerequisite for farmers to access formal organic markets, for it is a way to verify organic production claims, particularly where countries – such as South Africa – do not have laws that regulate organic production. Third-party certification is often inappropriate to small-scale farmers, for it is expensive and administratively intensive. Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS) have emerged in response. This is an organic certification scheme where farmers and other stakeholder members create their own regulations and certify each other without an external auditor. PGS are more affordable and flexible to the contextual needs of small-scale farmer communities than third-party certification. There is limited information available about PGS spaces in South Africa, particularly regarding the real-life experiences of PGS members. This study is therefore an exploration of PGS in South Africa through an investigation of the perspectives and experiences of PGS members. The objective is to determine whether PGS are suitable for small-scale farmers in South Africa, by investigating the strengths, benefits, challenges and needs of various PGS groups in South Africa. I approached this research with a social constructivist worldview, using a case study design. To gain an understanding of the real-life experiences and perceptions of PGS members, I collected qualitative data through semi-structured interviews, questionnaires and document collection, and analysed the data using software-assisted thematic analysis. Seven distinct themes emerged: 1) PGS facilitate knowledge sharing and community; 2) PGS are congruent with the value systems of PGS members; 3) Market-related benefits of PGS are prevalent among members; 4) The lack of capacity and funding to develop and maintain PGS make sustainability difficult; 5) PGS are not entirely inclusive; 6) PGS are generally viewed as a trustworthy means of organic endorsement; and 7) There is a perceived lack of awareness and support for PGS and the South African organic sector. Whether PGS are a suitable certification scheme for small-scale farmers is not evident from the findings, owing to the complexities of experiences related to the various challenges and benefits apparent from the themes that emerged. For some members, PGS address key issues and provide various beneficial opportunities, while for other members (or potential members), the success and opportunities of PGS remain elusive and challenging to obtain owing to their particular contexts. The insights of this research, particularly the challenges that PGS members face, may inform PGS development that is receptive and inclusive towards the lived experiences of PGS members in South Africa.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die wereldwye voedselsisteem het ontwikkel in ’n komplekse netwerk van kapitalistiese korporasies, waar die omgewingsvernietegende impak van konvensionele landbou heers, asook die uitsluiting van kleinskaalboere, wat gedryf word deur kooperatiewe agri-sake se monopoliering. Verskeie bewegings het wereldwyd ontluik om die kooporatiewe voedselsisteem waarvan organiese boerdery deel is, teen te gaan. Organiese boerdery word beskou as ’n belangrike bydrae tot volhoubare voedselsisteme en die aanvraag vir die kweek van organiese produkte wereldwyd, asook in Suid-Afrika. Derde-party sertifisering het na vore gekom as ‘n voorwaarde vir boere om toe te tree tot formele organiese markte, want dit is ’n manier om aansprake oor organiese produksie te verifieer, veral waar lande soos Suid-Afrika nie wetgewing het om die organiese produksie te reguleer nie. Derde-party sertifisering word dikwels beskou as ongeskik vir kleinskaalboere want dit is duur en ook administratief intensief. Deelnemende Waarborgsisteme (DWS) het in respons hierop ontluik. Dit is ‘n organiese sertifiseringskema waar boere en ander belanghebbendes hulle eie regulasies opstel en mekaar sonder ‘n eksterne ouditeur sertifiseer. DWS is meer bekostigbaar en buigsaam vir die kontekstuele behoeftes van kleinskaalboere- gemeenskappe as derde-party sertifisering. Daar is beperkte inligting beskikbaar omtrent DSW-ruimtes in Suid-Afrika, veral ten opsigte van die werklike lewenservaringe van DWS-lede. Hierdie navorsingstudie is dus ‘n navorsingsprojek oor DSW in Suid-Afrika deur die perspektiewe en ervaringe van DSW-lede te ondersoek. Die doel is om te bepaal of DSW geskik is vir kleinskaalboere in Suid-Afrika deur die sterktes, voordele, uitdagings en behoeftes van verskeie DSW-groepe in Suid-Afrika te bepaal. Ek het die navorsingsprojek met ‘n sosiale konstruktiewe wereldbeskouing benader deur gebruik te maak van ‘n gevalle-studie ontwerp. Om ‘n begrip te kry van die werklike lewenservaringe en persepsies van DWS-lede, het ek kwalitatiewe data deur semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude, vraelyste en dokumente ingesamel. Die data is geanaliseer deur ‘n sagteware-bystand tematiese analise te gebruik. Sewe duidelike temas het voortgevloei: 1) DSW fasiliteer die deel van kennis en die gemeenskap; 2) DSW is in ooreenstemming met die waardesisteme van DSW-lede; 3) Markverwante voordele van DSW is oorwegend tussen lede; 4) Die tekort aan kapasiteit en befondsing om DSW te ontwikkel en in stand te hou, maak volhoubaarheid moeilik; 5) DSW is nie volkome inklusief nie; 6) DSW word oor die algemeen bekou as ‘n betroubare manier vir organiese goedkeuring; 7) Daar is ‘n beskouing van ‘n tekort aan bewustheid en ondersteuning vir DSW en die Suid-Afrikaanse organiese sektor. Of DSW ‘n geskikte sertifiseringskema is vir kleinskaalboere kom nie duidelik navore uit die bevindinge nie, wat te wyte is aan die kompleksiteite van ervaringe wat verband hou met die verskeie uitdagings en voordele wat blykbaar uit die temas voortgespruit het. Vir sommige lede, addresseer DSW sleutelkwessis en verskaf verskeie voordelige geleenthede, terwyl die sukses en geleenthede van DSW vir ander lede (of potensiele lede), moeilik is om te bepaal en is dit ‘n uitdaging om te verkry vanwee hulle besondere kontekste. Die insigte van hierdie navorsingstudie, veral die uitdagings wat DSW-lede in die gesig staar, mag die ontwikkeling van DSW bevorder omtrent wat ontvanklik en inklusief is teenoor die beleefde ervaringe van DSW-lede in Suid-Afrika.
Description
Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2021.
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