Catalysis with cobalt porphyrins: solution and mechanochemistry

Date
2021-03
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
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Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this study, cobalt metalloporphyrins (Co-porphyrins) were investigated for their potential to catalyze the oxidation of benzyl alcohol in solution, and also by mechanochemistry as a non-classical solid-state method. A newly-discovered coordination polymer (CP) from our group, comprised of cobalt(II) meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (CoTPP) and 4-(4'-pyridyl)-1,2,3,5-dithiadiazolyl (pyrDTDA) as a bridging ligand, was previously shown to catalyze the oxidation of benzyl alcohol. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of CoTPP derivatives bearing different axial ligands to the CP in order to assess what effect the DTDA ligand has on the catalytic reaction. However, obtaining good yields of the CP was challenging. Perplexed by this, we investigated the synthesis and structure of the pyrDTDA radical, confirming the existence of both neutral and charged pyrDTDA radicals that form during the synthetic procedure. The two different pyrDTDA radicals were separated and purified, and their nature was confirmed using various analytical techniques. After using the two pyrDTDA radicals in separate synthetic procedures of the CP, surprisingly no significant difference in yields was observed. Three additional CoTPP derivatives were used in the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to compare to the CP: CoTPP with no axial ligand, 3,5-lutidine as axial ligand (CoTPP-Lut), and chloride as axial ligand (CoTPP-Cl). The catalysts showed moderate activity in the presence of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), all achieving above 70% conversion. A steady increase in conversion of benzyl alcohol was observed as the catalyst concentration increased, except for the CP where the opposite was observed. A possible explanation is the tendency of porphyrins to aggregate in solution at certain concentrations. As the conversion of benzyl alcohol increased, more over-oxidation to benzoic acid was observed. Overall, the CP and CoTPP-Cl, in which the cobalt metal center is in +3 oxidation state, achieved the highest conversions of 84% and 86% respectively. The axial ligands in CP and CoTPP-Cl are potentially prolonging the lifetime of these catalysts during the reaction. These catalysts were also used to oxidize benzyl alcohol mechanochemically, using urea-hydrogen peroxide (UHP) as a safer oxidant. In comparison to the absence of catalyst, the Co-porphyrin catalysts did not increase the conversion, however over-oxidation of the benzaldehyde to benzoic acid was observed. Interestingly, for CoTPP, benzoic acid was observed at 1.0 mol% and 1.5 mol%, whereas benzoic acid was only observed for CoTPP-Cl at 1.5 mol%. This seemed different from solution, where CoTPP-Cl was the more active catalyst. The nature of mechanochemical reactions could allow a greater probability for peroxide to bind CoTPP due to more accessible sites, which could explain the higher activity of CoTPP than CoTPP-Cl by mechanochemistry. Overall, this study provided insight into the catalytic potential of metalloporphyrins. Catalysis by these compounds under mechanochemical conditions shows some promise, and this remains open for exploration.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie is kobalt metaalporfyriene (Co-porfyriene) ondersoek vir hul potensiaal om die oksidasie van bensielalkohol te kataliseer in oplossing, en ook deur meganochemie as 'n nie-klassieke vastestof-toestand metode. ‘n Koördinasie polimeer (KP) wat in ons groep geïdentifiseer is, wat bestaan uit kobalt (II) meso-tetrafenielporfyrien (CoTPP) en 4-(4'-piridyl)-1,2,3,5-ditiadiazolyl (pyrDTDA) as ‘n oorbruggende ligand, het reeds voorheen getoon dat dit die oksidasie van bensielalkohol kan kataliseer. Die doel van die huidige studie was om die katalitiese aktiwiteit van soortgelyke CoTPP verbindings, wat verskillende aksiale ligande bevat, te vergelyk met dié van CP om die effek van die DTDA ligand te bepaal. Dit was egter uitdagend om goeie obrengste van die CP te bereik. Verbysterd hieroor het ons besluit om die sintese en struktuur van die pyrDTDA radikale te ondersoek, en is die vorming van beide neutrale en gelaaide pyrDTDA radikale bevestig. Die twee verskillende pyrDTDA radikale is geskei en gesuiwer, en die aard van hul strukture is bevestig met behulp van verskeie analitiese tegnieke. Na afloop van die gebruik van die twee pyrDTDA radikale in afsonderlike sinteses van die CP, is daar verbasend genoeg geen noemenswaardige verskil in opbrengste waargeneem nie. Drie addisionele CoTPP verbindings is gebruik in die oksidasie van bensielalkohol om met die katalitiese aktiwiteit van die CP te vergelyk: CoTPP met geen aksiale ligand, 3,5-lutidien as aksiale ligand (CoTPP-Lut), en chloried as aksiale ligand (CoTPP-Cl). Al die katalisators het matige aktiwiteit getoon in die teenwoordigheid van ters-butiel hidroperoksied (TBHP) en het ‘n omskakeling van meer as 70 % behaal. ‘n Bestendige toename in die omskakeling van bensielalkohol is waargeneem namate die katalisator konsentrasie toegeneem het, behalwe vir die CP waar die teenoorgestelde waargeneem is. ‘n Moontlike verklaring hiervoor is die geneigdheid van porfyriene om saam te pak in oplossing by sekere konsentrasies. Namate die omskakeling van bensielalkohol toegeneem het, is meer oor-oksidasie na bensoësuur waargeneem. Oor die algemeen het die CP en CoTPP-Cl, waarin die kobalt metaal sentrum in die +3 oksidasietoestand is, die hoogste omskakelings behaal van onderskeidelik 84% en 86%. Dit is moontlik dat die aksiale ligand die lewensduur van die CP en CoTPP-Cl help verleng tydens die katalitiese reaksie. Hierdie katalisators is ook gebruik om bensielalkohol meganochemies te oksideer met ureum- waterstofperoksied (UHP) as ‘n veiliger oksidant. In vergelyking met die afwesigheid van katalisator het die Co-porfyrien katalisators nie die omskakeling van bensielalkohol bevorder nie, maar die oor-oksidasie van bensaldehied na bensoësuur is waargeneem. Interessant genoeg is bensoësuur waargneem vir CoTPP in katalisator konsentrasies van 1.0 mol% en 1.5 mol%, terwyl bensoësuur slegs waargeneem is vir CoTPP-Cl by ‘n katalisator konsetrasie van 1.5 mol%. Dit is teëstrydig met die geval in oplossing waar CoTPP-Cl die meer aktiewe katalisator is. Die aard van meganochemiese reaksies kan die hoër aktiwiteit van CoTPP in vergelyking met CoTPP-Cl verklaar deurdat meer toeganklike bindingsplekke die waarskynlikheid vir peroksied om te bind aan CoTPP verhoog. Saamgevat bied hierdie studie insig oor die katalitiese potensiaal van metaalporfyriene. Katalise deur hierdie verbindings onder meganochemiese toestande is belowend, en dit bly oop vir verkenning.
Description
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2021.
Keywords
Mechanochemistry, UCTD, Catalysis, Cobalt metalloporphyrins, Benzylamine oxidase, Axial ligands, Porphyrins
Citation