Functional analysis of candidate terpenoid biosynthetic genes isolated from grapevine

Date
2021-03
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Terpenoids are a group of compounds found in various organisms, with diverse functions, and can be broadly grouped into primary or specialised (secondary) metabolites. This compound diversity is achieved from the universal precursors for terpenoids, isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), through the activity of various enzymes. Isoprenyl diphosphate synthases (IDSs) incorporate the IPP and DMAPP precursors into compounds of varying lengths that can then serve as the substrate for terpene synthases (TPSs) to produce terpenes. Each of these steps incorporates the opportunity to further increase terpene diversity. In addition, terpenes can be modified into other products through the activity of various enzymes to increase the product range even further. Terpenoids play an important role in Vitis vinifera (grapevine), not only in the normal functioning of the plant, but also in more specialised roles involving plant–environment interactions. In terms of their economic value, terpenes, such as mono- and sesquiterpenes, contribute to wine aroma – which has supported the study of these compounds and how these metabolites are biosynthesised. Grapevine genome annotation has shown a moderately sized IDS gene family and a TPS gene family that has undergone extensive expansion. However, many of these genes have not been functionally characterised. Putative annotation based on sequences is not always accurate or does not provide a realistic indication of gene function. Functional characterisation of IDS and TPS genes involves heterologous expression followed by analysis of the produced compounds. In this study, various heterologous systems were used and evaluated with the aim of characterising grapevine genes that putatively encode IDS and TPS enzymes. In this study, the novel annotation of a eucalyptol synthase and the re-annotation of a previously characterised gene to α-thujene synthase was achieved. Various expression systems were assessed, with Saccharomyces cerevisiae deemed a viable alternative to the typical use of Escherichia coli. Different plant systems were also investigated, with Nicotiana benthamiana found to be a good option in terms of ease of use and results obtained. An in-depth study of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (VviGGPS) was also conducted using an established transgenic tobacco population. The population was characterised in terms of morphology, physiology, and metabolites. The possible role of gibberellin was also determined based on the results of these analyses.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Terpene is ’n groep metaboliete wat in verskillende organismes voorkom, met ’n wye verskeidenheid van funksies, en wat breedvoerig in primêre of gespesialiseerde (sekondêre) metaboliete opgedeel kan word. Terpeen diversiteit word bewerkstellig vanaf die universele voorlopers, isopentenieldifosfaat (IPP) en dimetielallieldifosfaat (DMAPP), deur die aktiwiteit van verskeie ensieme. Isoprenieldifosfaat-sintases (IDSs) inkorporeer die IPP en DMAPP voorlopers binne-in verbindings van wisselende lengtes in wat dan as die substrate vir terpeen-sintases (TPSs) kan dien vir die biosintese van terpene. Elkeen van hierdie stappe bied ’n geleentheid om terpeen diversiteit te vermeerder. Terpene kan ook gemodifiseer word na ander produkte toe deur die aktiwiteit van verskeie ensieme om sodoende die terpeen produkreeks selfs meer te vermeerder. Terpene speel ’n belangrike rol in Vitis vinifera (wingerd); nie net in die normale funksionering van die plant nie, maar ook in ’n meer gespesialiseerde rol in plant–omgewing interaksies. In terme van ekonomiese waarde dra terpene soos mono- en seskwiterpene by tot die aroma van wyn – wat gedien het as ondersteuning vir die bestudering van hierdie verbindigs asook die biosintese daarvan. Annotering van die wingerd genoom het aangedui dat dit beskik oor ’n gemiddelde- grootte IDS geenfamilie en ’n TPS geenfamilie wat ekstensiewe vergroting ondergaan het. Baie van hierdie gene is egter nog nie gekarakteriseer in terme van funksie nie. Die vermeende benaming van gene gebaseer op nukleotied- of aminosuurvolgorde is ook nie altyd akkuraat nie of verskaf nie ’n realistiese indikasie van geenfunksie nie. Funksionele karakterisering van IDS en TPS gene behels heteroloë uitdrukking gevolg deur die analise van die geproduseerde metaboliete. Verskeie heteroloë sisteme is in hierdie studie gebruik en geëvalueer met die doel om wingerd gene wat kodeer vir vermeende IDS en TPS ensieme te karakteriseer. In hierdie studie is die nuwe annotering van ’n eukaliptol-sintase asook die annotasie van ’n voorheen gekaraktiseerde geen na α-thujene-sintase. Verskeie sisteme was ondersoek en Saccharomyces cerevisiae is gevind as ’n goeie alternatief tot die tipiese gebruik van Escherichia coli. Verskeie plantsisteme is ook oorweeg en Nicotiana benthamiana is gevind as ’n goeie opsie in terme van gebruikersvriendelikheid en resultate wat verkry is. ’n In-diepte studie van ’n geranielgeranieldifosfaat-sintase (VviGGPS) is ook uitgevoer deur die bestudering van ’n gevestigde transgeniese tabak populasie. Die populasie is gekaraktiriseer in terme van morfologie, fisiologie en metaboliete. Die moontlike rol van gibberelien gebasseer op hierdie analises, is ook bepaal.
Description
Thesis (PhDAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2021.
Keywords
Terpenoids, Gibberellin, Functional characterisation, Plants -- Environmental aspects, Terpene synthases, Heterologous expression, Grapevines (Vitis vinifera) -- Genetics, UCTD
Citation