Development of a fed batch fermentation strategy to produce bioethanol from non-detoxified hardwood spent sulphite liquor

Date
2021-03
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
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Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Hardwood spent sulphite liquor (HW-SSL) from the pulp and paper industry is a potential substrate for bio-ethanol production, due to wide availability and high concentration of monomeric sugars (+100 g/L in concentrated streams). Current challenges such as low xylose consumption and high inhibitor concentrations need to be addressed to ensure the development of economically feasible fermentation processes. The work in this study aim to improve the maximum ethanol titre obtained in the fermentation of non-detoxified HW-SSL reported by previous studies (11.2-12.2 g/L), by implementing enhanced xylose capable S. cerevisiae strains along with a fed batch strategy to maximise in situ detoxification in the cultures. The study also prioritises the use of harsh industrially relevant conditions such as low cell densities (0.4-0.8 g/L dry weight), inexpensive nutrient sources as opposed to laboratory mediums, and utilising the SSL as-is, without any form of pretreatment or detoxification. The characterisation of different industrial SSL streams indicated that the stream from the second last stage in a multi-effect evaporator is most suitable for fermentation. This high total dissolved solids (TDS) SSL stream contains a sufficiently high sugar concentration of 110 g/L to ensure that economically feasible ethanol titres of 40 g/L can be achieved. The utilisation of a stream that was concentrated in an evaporator is further beneficial as evaporation also served in removing some of the volatile inhibitors from the SSL by decreasing the furfural concentration from 0.6 g/L to 0.2 g/L and merely increasing the acetic acid concentration from 14 g/L to 17 g/L despite an increase of 200% in TDS content. Preliminary strain screening experiments at different dilutions of the selected high TDS stream (20, 40, 60% (v/v) SSL) were conducted to compare novel strains and assess the influence of inhibitor concentrations on fermentation performance. CelluX™4, an advanced, xylose capable recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain, is the superior microorganism in 20-40% (v/v) SSL concentration fermentations as it displayed xylose capabilities, whereas S. cerevisiae strains TP1 and TFA7 proved less capable of xylose utilisation. The strain TFA7, however, proved to be more robust as it obtained an ethanol titre and volumetric productivity of 20-80% and 30% respectively, compared to the other two strains in high SSL concentrations of 60% (v/v). Although CelluX™4 possess the capability to consume xylose 50-100% faster than the other strains at 20% (v/v) SSL, this characteristic diminished at 60% (v/v) SSL concentrations due to the high inhibitor concentrations. It therefore appears that there was a trade-off between advanced xylose capabilities and inhibitor tolerance with CelluX™4 dominating the former and TFA7 the latter. CelluX™4 was selected for fed batch cultures in 5L bioreactor fermentations to assess the influence of substrate feeding. This study is the first to utilise fed batch strategy for the fermentation of HW-SSL. Feeding cultures indicated that fed batch strategy allowed the fermentation of 65% (v/v) SSL media, with a TDS value of 35%, that is not otherwise fermentable in batch setup, as the batch culture obtained only an inconsistent ethanol titre of 1.6±1.6 g/L. When comparing different dilution rates, increasing the filling period from 6 days to 9 days resulted in a marginal ethanol titre increase from 9.5±0.4 g/L to 10.7±0.9 g/L at the expense of a 25% decrease in volumetric productivity. When doubling the inoculum size during the 6-day fermentation to 0.8 g/L, the ethanol titre and yield was increased by 35% and 20% respectively, reaching 12.7 g/L and 0.43 g/g, proving the advantage of a higher cell density. Allowing the double inoculum fed batch fermentation to continue in batch phase for another 4 days to partially consume residual sugars, further increased the ethanol titre to 15.5 g/L. Despite the subjection of the yeast to harsher, industrially relevant conditions, the combination of utilising fed batch strategy and novel strain, CelluX™4 proved an efficient approach to mitigating inhibitor effects and increasing ethanol production (12.7-15.5 g/L) in non-detoxified HW-SSL compared to values reported in literature (11.2-12.2 g/L). Altering of the fermentation medium by detoxification or blending with other (lignocellulosic) glucose rich sources can be considered to further improve the ethanol production of the process.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hardhout gesuiterde sulfiet afloop (HW-SSL), afkomstig vanaf industriële verpulpingsprosesse, het die potensiaal om as substraat vir bio-etanol produksie gebruik te word, aangesien dit algeheel beskikbaar is en oor ‘n hoë monomeriese suikerkonsentrasie beskik (+100 g/L in gekonsentreerde strome). Dit is noodsaaklik om uitdagings soos lae xilose- verbruiksvermoë van giste en hoë inhibeerder konsentrasies in HW-SSL aan te spreek om die ontwikkeling van industrie-aanvaarbare fermentasie prosesse te verseker. Hierdie studie poog om die maksimum etanol konsentrasie wat behaal is in onbehandelde HW-SSL te verbeter, soos gerapporteer in vorige studies (11.2-12.2 g/L), deur gebruik te maak van moderne xilose- bekwame S. cerevisiae stamme en substraatvoermetodes om in situ-ontgifting deur bogenoemde giste te verbeter. Die studie lê ook klem op die toepassing van stramme industrie- aanvaarbare toestande soos lae gis konsentrasie (0.4-0.8 g/L droë massa), goedkoop voedingsstowwe in plaas van experimentele groeimediums, en die gebruik van HW-SSL sonder enige behandeling of ontgifting. Die chemiese karaktisering van verskeie HW-SSL strome vanaf die papiermeul het aangedui dat die stroom wat afkomstig is van die tweede laaste verdampingsfase in ‘n multi-effek verdampingsisteem, die mees gespaste stroom vir fermentasie is. Hierdie HW-SSL stroom bevat ‘n hoë hoeveelheid totale opgeloste stowwe (TDS) (54%) sowel as totale suikerkonsentratie van 110 g/L, wat hoog genoeg is om ‘n ekonomies-aanvaarbare etanol konsentrasie van 40 g/L te verseker. Verdermeer het die verdamper ook daarin geslaag om van die inhibeerders uit hierdie gekonsentreerde stroom te verwyder aangesien die furfuraal konsentrasie vanaf 0.6 g/L na 0.2 g/L gedaal het en die asynsuur konsentrasie slegs vanaf 14 g/L na 17 g/L gestyg het, ten spite van ‘n 200% toename in TDS. Basiese keuringseksperimente was uitgevoer in 20, 40 en 60% (v/v) SSL, om die funksionaliteit van die moderne gisstamme te vergelyk en die invloed van inhibeerderkonsentrasies op fermentasie vermoë te bepaal. Een van die verbeterde, gisstamme genaamd CelluX™4 is die mees dominante mikroorganisme in 20-40% SSL fermentasies aangesien dit uitstekende xilose-bekwaanheid ten toon gestel het, terwyl die twee S. cerevisiae stamme genaamd TP1 en TFA7, aansienlik minder instaat tot xilose-verbruiking was. TFA7 beskik wel oor die mees geharde natuur aangesien dit ‘n 20-80% en 30% verbetering in onderskeidelik etanol konsentrasie en volumetriese produktiwiteit teenoor die ander twee stamme in 60% (v/v) SSL behaal het. Alhoewel CelluX™4 xilose 50-100% vinniger as die ander stamme verbruik, word ierdie vermoë negatief geaffekteer deur die hoë inhibeerderkonsentrasies by 60% (v/v). Dit wil dus voorkom asof daar ‘n kompromie tussen xilose-bekwaamheid en gehardheid in die modern giste bestaan waar CelluX™4 die eerste eienskap domineer en TFA7 die tweede. CelluX™4 was gekeur vir gebruik in die 5-L bioreaktor fermentasies om die invloed van substraatvoering op etanolproduksie to bepaal. Hierdie studie is uniek in die sin dat voeringsmetodes voorheen nie op die fermentasie van HW-SSL toegepas is nie. Substraatvoering het dit moontlik gemaak om ‘n medium met 65% (v/v) HW-SSL en ‘n TDS van 35% te fermenteer, wat nie moontlik sonder voering was nie, aangesien slegs 1.6±1.6 g/L etanol geproduseer is wanneer al die HW-SSL vanaf die begin in die reaktor geplaas is. Deur die vullingstydperk van 6 dae na 9 dae te vermeerder is die etanol konsentrasie verhoog vanaf 9.5±0.4 g/L na 10.7±0.9 g/, teen die verlies van 25% in terme van volumetriese produktiwiteit. ‘n Verdubbeling in die bygevoegde gis konsentrasie, vanaf 0.4 g/L na 0.8 g/L, het die etanol konsentrasie en opbrengs vermeerder met onderskeidelik 35% en 20% vir die 6-dag fermentasie, wat dui op die voordeel van ‘n hoër gisbyvoeging. Deur die ekspirementstel met die hoë gisbyvoeging toe te laat om vir ‘n addisionele 4 dae te fermenteer, kon die etanol konsentrasie tot 15.5 g/L verhoog word. Alhoewel die gis in hierdie studie aan meer stram, industrie-aanvaarbare toestande blootgestel is, was die gesamentlike effekte van die modern gisstam, CelluX™4, se fermentatsie vermoëns gekombineer met verskeie voerringsmetodes, genoeg om die negatiewe impak van die inhibeerders te verminder, en die etanol konsentrasie van nie-ontgiftigde HW-SSL soos gerapporteer in literatuur (11.2-12.2 g/L) te verbeter tot 12.7-15.5 g/L. Die etanol produksie kan verder verbeter word deur die fermentasie medium aan te pas met behulp van ontgiftiging of deur die vermenging van HW-SSL met ander lignosellulose bronne, wat ryk aan glukose is. Sleutelwoorde: Hardhout gesuiterde sulfiet afloop, Nie-ontgiftigde, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, substraatvoering, industrie-aanvaarbare toestande
Description
Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2021.
Keywords
Industrially relevant conditions, UCTD, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Non-detoxified, Hardwood spent sulphite liquor, Sulphite liquor
Citation