Identification of immunological biomarkers for detection of Mycobacterium bovis infection in African rhinoceros

Date
2021-03
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: African rhinoceros have economic and ecological value, yet they are threatened by poaching and habitat loss, which causes reduction in population numbers. In addition, infection with Mycobacterium bovis(M. bovis), a causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), may be a threat to their conservation. This legislatively notifiable infectious disease has serious consequences on management of African rhinoceros by restricting their movements; therefore, it is imperative to have accurate and easily available diagnostic tools for the detection of M. bovisinfection, to ensure that infected rhinoceros are not translocated. In order to address this need, this study aimed to (i) optimize enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) conditions for detecting rhinocerosinterferon-gamma (IFN-γ), (ii) develop a diagnostic antigen-specific IFN-γ release assay (IGRA) for rhinoceros, (iii) identify cytokine gene signatures that distinguish between M. bovis-infected and uninfected rhinoceros, and (iv) identify cytokines other than IFN-γ with diagnostic potential to distinguish between M. bovis-infected and uninfected animals. Whole blood samples were collected from M. bovis-infected rhinoceros and uninfected animals from the Kruger National Park and incubated overnight at 37°C in tubes of the QuantiFERON (QFT) system. Thereafter, harvested plasma samples and cell pellets preserved in RNAlater, were stored at -80°C. Archived plasma was used to validate the equine Mabtech IFN-γ ELISAPROand then develop a diagnostic IGRA for rhinoceros.Using archived blood pellets, RNA was extracted, reverse transcribed, and screened using the equine RT2profiler PCR array to identify candidate cytokine biomarkers. In addition, the Raybio® equine interferon gamma induced protein (IP-10) ELISA was used with rhinoceros plasma from QFT stimulated blood to investigate detection of rhinoceros IP-10. The commercial Mabtech Equine IFN-γ ELISAPROkit was validated as a robust and highly reproducible assay for the detection of rhinoceros IFN-γ. Thereafter, the QFT IGRA was shown to distinguish between M. bovis-infected and uninfected animals. The optimal cut-off value was calculated as 21 pg/ml, although test results ranging between 22–61 pg/ml were interpreted as indeterminate, and a test result of >62 pg/ml as definitively positive.Using RNA extracted from QFT-stimulated rhinoceros whole blood, theequine RT2profiler PCR array identified six potential cytokine gene targets. Further development of a gene expression assay for CXCL10 (IP-10)confirmed this cytokine as a promising biomarker based on significant upregulation in antigen-stimulated blood from M. bovis-infected rhinoceros. Based on this result, an equine IP-10 release assay (IPRA) was developed to demonstrate that antigen-specific IP-10 could discriminate between M. bovis-infected and uninfectedwhite rhinoceros. Additionally, the IPRA was able to detect one additional truly infected animal when used in parallel with the IGRA, suggestingthat this may have potential as an additional diagnostic biomarker in rhinoceros.In summary, the novel tools developed in this project can be used to detect M. bovisinfection in rhinoceros. Similar to other species, QFT IGRA and potentially IPRA may support testing of individual rhinoceros prior to translocation, as well as allow for disease surveillance. Future research should focus on additional biomarker discovery and understanding the rhinoceros’ immune response to M. bovisinfection.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ten spyte van die groot ekonomiese en ekologiese waarde van Afrika-renosters, word hulle bedreig deur stroping en habitatverlies wat lei tot vermindering in die populasie se getalle. Daarby is infeksie met Mycobacterium bovis(M. bovis), die oorsaak van beestuberkulose (bTB), ‘n bedreiging vir hul bewaring. Hierdie wetlike aanmeldbare aansteeklike siekte het ernstige gevolge vir die bestuur van Afrika-renosters deur die beperking van hul beweging; gevolglik is akkurate and maklik verkrygbare diagnostiese toetse vir die identifisering van M. bovisinfeksie noodsaaklik om te verseker dat geinfekteerde renosters nie geskuifword nie. Om hierdie behoefte aan te spreek het hierdie studie gepoog om i) ELISA kondisies te optimiseer vir identifisering vanrenoster interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), ii) ‘n diagnostiese antigeen-spesifieke IFN-γ vrystellingstoets (IGRA) vir renosters te ontwikkel, iii) sitokine geen paneelte identifiseer wat kan onderskei tussen M. bovis-geinfekteerde en ongeinfekteerde renosters,en iv) identifisering van ander sitokienes as IFN-γ wat diagnostiese potensiaal het om te kan onderskei tussen M. bovis-geinfekteerde en ongeinfekteerde diere. Heelbloed monsters van M. bovis-geinfekteerde en ongeinfekteerde renosters van die Kruger Nasionale Park is geneem en oornag geinkubeer by 37°C in buise van die QuantiFERON (QFT) sisteem. Daarna is plasma monsters geoes en sel klonte is gepreserveer en gestoor in RNAlater by -80°C. Gestoorde plasma monsters is gebruik om die EquineMabtech IFN-γ ELISAPROte toets en te ontwikkel vir 'n diagnostiese IGRA vir renosters. RNA is ge-ekstraëer vanaf gestoorde bloed, omgekeerd getranskribeer en gesif deur die perde RT2profiel PKR opstelling om kandidaat sitokine as biomerkers te identifiseer. Daarby is die Raybio® perde interferon gamma geinduseerde protein (IP-10) ELISA gebruik in kombinasie met die plasma van QFT gestimuleerde bloed van renosters om IP-10 van hierdie diere te identifiseer. Die kommersiele Mabtech perde IFN-γ ELISAPROtoets is beproef as ‘n geharde en herhaalbare toets vir die identifisering van renoster IFN-γ. Daarna is die QFT IGRA gebruik om te onderskei tussen M.bovis-infekteerde en ongeinfekteerde diere. Die optimale afsny waarde is bereken as 21 pg/ml, toets resultate tussen 22 –61 pg/ml is geinterpreteer as intermediêr en ‘n toets resultaat van >62 pg/ml is beskou as positief. Die perde RT2profiel PKR opstelling het ses potensiële sitokien gene in die RNA wat geekstraëer is van QFT-gestimuleerde renoster heelbloed monsters geidentifiseer. Die ontwikkeling van ‘n geen uitdrukking toets vir CXCL10bevestig dat hierdie sitokien ‘n belowende biomerker is op grond van beduidende opregulering in antigeen-gestimuleerde bloed van M. bovis-geinfekteerde renosters. Gebasseer op hierdie resultaat is ‘n perde IP-10 vrystellings toets (IPRA) ontwikkel wat gedemonstreer het dat antigeen-spesifieke IP-10 kon diskrimineer tussen M.bovis-geinfekteerde en ongeinfekteerde wit renosters. Daarby kon die IPRA een waarlik geinfekteerde dier identifiseer wanneer dit in parallel gebruik is met die IGRA. Dit stel voor dat hierdie toets die potensiaal het om as ‘n addisionele biomerker vir renosters te dien. Ter opsomming, in hierdie studie is nuwe tegnologie ontwikkel wat gebruik kan word om M. bovisinfeksie in renosters te identifiseer. Soortgelyk aan ander spesies, kan die QFT IGRA en potensiëel ook IPRA die toetsing van individuele renosters ondersteun voor oorplasing/vervoer, asook vir siekte voorkoming. Toekomstige navorsing moet fokus op addisionele biomerker ontdekking en die verstaan van die renoster se immuun reaksie tot M. bovisinfeksie.
Description
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2021.
Keywords
Mycobacterium bovis, UCTD, Rhinoceros, Immunology, Biomarkers
Citation