DNA barcoding of South African red seaweeds (Rhodophyta)

Date
2020-12
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Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: On the rocky shoreline of South Africa, red algae are thriving, representing more than two-thirds of the diverse seaweed flora, forming species-rich communities as well as displaying high levels of endemism. The seaweed flora is well-studied and traditionally identified based on morphological characteristics, including characteristics such as life history, thalli type, basic anatomy, cell structures and post-fertilisation events. However, this mode of species identification can be complicated and erroneously implemented due to confounding attributes in many species of Rhodophyta. This includes factors such as simple morphology and anatomy, phenotypic plasticity due to environmental conditions and poor knowledge of female reproductive morphology and life history stages of some species. Accordingly, algal biosystematics have become more reliant on molecular techniques to aid in species identification, the discovery of cryptic species or confirming new distribution records. The research presented in the current study forms part of a preliminary investigation to add to the DNA barcoding reference database for macroalgae present in South Africa. Firstly, the utility of three unlinked barcodes, LSU D2/D3, COI-5P, and rbcL-3P, in the identification of genetic species groups were assessed on a diverse range of Rhodophyta species. A significant amount of the specimens was sourced from the main study area, Port Alfred, obtained in two sampling trips. A third sampling trip was focused on collecting specific species that proved difficult in obtaining molecular data for, sourced from localities these species are known to occur along the coast of South Africa. Initial identification of specimens, based on morphological and anatomical features, was performed in the field and a portion of each specimen was preserved for DNA analysis. DNA barcodes were generated using published primers, T16N and T24U for LSU D2/D3, M13LF3 and M13Rx for COI-5P and TLF1/TLF5 and rbcLrevNEW for rbcL-3P. This study generated 213 barcodes from the three gene regions, with the rbcL-3P barcode being the most efficient in the species- level identification of a diverse group of red seaweeds. The COI-5P was the most variable of the barcodes, thus being the most promising in species identification of closely related or cryptic species. In the current study, the LSU D2/D3 barcode was not reliable in the identification of closely related red algae species, therefore, caution should be taken when applying this marker in future studies. As a secondary aim, the monophyly of species and the phylogenetic placement of anomalous genetic species groups (e.g. Dichotomaria, Plocamium) were assessed implementing Bayesian Inference analyses. Molecular phylogenies highlighted possible new species and/or genera, hidden species diversity as well as misapplied species names. The application of DNA barcoding has emphasised the poor taxonomic state of certain groups in the Rhodophyta, therefore suggesting the dire need for taxonomic revision for some South African taxa. Accordingly, the research presented in this thesis provided valuable insights into algal biodiversity in South Africa and provided a reliable means of identification.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Aan die rotsagtige kuslyn van Suid-Afrika floreer rooi alge, wat meer as twee derdes van die uiteenlopende seewierflora verteenwoordig, wat spesie-ryke gemeenskappe vorm en 'n hoë mate van endemisme toon. Die seewierflora is goed bestudeer en tradisioneel geïdentifiseer op grond van morfologiese eienskappe, insluitend eienskappe soos lewensgeskiedenis, thalli-tipe, basiese anatomie, selstrukture en gebeure na bevrugting. Hierdie manier van spesie-identifikasie is egter ingewikkeld en kan verkeerd toegepas word as gevolg van verwarrende eienskappe in baie Rhodophyta-spesies. Dit sluit faktore in soos eenvoudige morfologie en anatomie, fenotipiese plastisiteit as gevolg van omgewingstoestande en swak kennis oor vroulike voortplantingseienskappe en lewensgeskiedenisstadia van sommige spesies. Gevolglik het alg biosistematiek meer afhanklik geword van molekulêre tegnieke om spesies te identifiseer, in die ontdekking van kriptiese spesies of om nuwe verspreidingsrekords van makroalge te bevestig. Die navorsing wat in die huidige studie aangebied is, vorm deel van 'n voorlopige ondersoek om by te voeg tot die DNA-strepieskode- verwysingsdatabasis vir makroalge wat in Suid-Afrika teenwoordig is. Eerstens is die nut van drie ongekoppelde strepieskodes, LSU D2/D3, COI-5P en rbcL-3P, in die identifikasie van genetiese spesiegroepe op 'n uiteenlopende reeks Rhodophyta spesies bestudeer. 'n Beduidende hoeveelheid van spesies is afkomstig van die hoofstudiegebied, Port Alfred, wat in twee steekproefuitstappies verkry is. 'n Derde steekproefreis was gefokus op die versameling van spesifieke spesies wat moeilik was om molekulêre gegewens te bekom, afkomstig van die lokale waar hierdie spesies bekend is aan die kus van Suid-Afrika. Monsters is in die veld geïdentifiseer op grond van morfologiese en anatomiese kenmerke, en 'n gedeelte van die monster is bewaar vir DNA-ontleding. DNA-strepieskodes is gegenereer met behulp van gepubliseerde inleiers, T16N en T24U vir LSU D2/D3, M13LF3 en M13Rx vir COI-5P en TLF1 / TLF5 en rbcLrevNEW vir rbcL-3P. Hierdie studie het 213 strepieskodes uit die drie geenstreke gegenereer, met die strepieskode rbcL-3P as die mees informatiefste vir die identifisering van 'n uiteenlopende groep rooi seewier. Die COI-5P was die mees varieerbare van die strepieskodes, en was dus die belowendste in die identifisering van nou verwante of kriptiese spesies. Die LSU D2/D3-strepieskode was nie betroubaar in die identifisering van nou verwante rooi alge spesies nie; daarom moet hierdie merker met versigtigheid in toekomstige studies toegepas word. As 'n sekondêre doel is die monofilie van spesies en die filogenetiese plasing van genetiese spesiegroepe (bv. Dichotomaria, Plocamium) bestudeer met behulp van Bayesian Inferensie analise. Die toepassing van molekulêre filogenie het moontlike nuwe spesies en/of genera, verborge spesie diversiteit asook foutiewe spesie-name uitgelig. Die toepassing van DNA-strepieskodering het die swak taksonomiese toestand van sekere groepe in die Rhodophyta beklemtoon, en dit dui dus op die dringende behoefte aan taksonomiese hersiening van Suid-Afrikaanse spesies. Gevolglik het die navorsing wat in hierdie proefskrif aangebied is, waardevolle insigte gelewer in die kennis oor alge-biodiversiteit in Suid-Afrika en het dit 'n betroubare manier vir identifikasie daargestel.
Description
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2020.
Keywords
DNA barcoding, Red algae -- Identification, Rhodophyta -- South Africa, Red seaweeds -- Geneti aspects, UCTD, UCTD
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