Trade logistics quality and the intra-African trade of agricultural goods : a gravity model approach

Date
2020-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY : Agriculture continues to be strategically important in Africa because of its contribution to gross domestic product and employment. Growth in the tradable and non-tradable segments of agriculture induce significant growth in other sectors through multiplier effects. Therefore, successful economic integration and poverty alleviation in Africa will remain linked to the liberalisation of the trade in agricultural goods (Cissokho et al., 2012). Africa’s population is expanding and has a burgeoning middle class, particularly in urban centres. This is driving a growing demand for food and leading to changes in consumer preferences. Intra-African trade has not grown at the expected rate, considering the opportunity for trade across various product types, including agricultural goods. A number of studies, including those by Limão and Venables (2001), Portugal-Perez and Wilson (2012), Takele (2019) and Jordaan (2014), have shown that improved trade logistics can stimulate trade. There is limited literature on the impact of logistics on specific sectors and categories of goods or services within different geographies. The objective of this study was to determine whether the improved trade logistics performance of an exporting and importing country influences intra-African trade in agricultural goods. This was explored through a comprehensive literature review and a gravity model augmented by the World Bank’s Logistics Performance Index (LPI) scores as a proxy for trade logistics quality. A Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (PPML) regression was used to estimate the results of the gravity model, with a panel dataset of 38 countries, for 2010 to 2018. The key results were that a 1% increase in the total agricultural exports of the partner country (supply) will lead to a 0.40% increase in the value of agricultural goods imported from that country by the reporting country; a 1% increase in the total agricultural goods imported by the reporting country (demand) will lead to a 0.82% increase in the value of agricultural goods imported by the reporting country from the partner country; when the importing country’s currency is stronger than the exporting country’s currency, the value of imports will be 14.11% higher than elsewise. Both the supply and demand variables were significant at the 1% level and the exchange rate dummy variable was significant at the 5% level. Although a scatter plot and correlation table indicated that the natural log of the average LPI of the importing and exporting country would have a positive relationship with the value of imports, the model’s output indicated that the average LPI variable was not significant at the 10% level. One possible reason for the significance greater than 10% that is discussed is the idea that beyond a certain LPI score (level of trade logistics quality) little or no increase in trade will be generated due to improvements in trade logistics quality. In other words, maximum trade benefit is reached at an LPI score below the maximum score. Other considerations such as the time period of the data set and the aggregation of agricultural goods were also discussed. Additionally, the results raised questions about how to properly incorporate the effects of third-party transit countries’ logistics quality in a gravity model, which has been recommended as a topic for further research. Although the gravity model itself did not prove that the quality of trade logistics has a strictly positive influence on intra-African trade in agricultural goods, the literature review does support the argument that intra-African trade in agricultural goods can be stimulated by investment in the various components of African countries’ trade logistics as well as in trade corridor initiatives.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : Landbou is steeds van strategiese belang in Afrika vanweë die bydrae daarvan tot bruto binnelandse produk en indiensname. Groei in beide die verhandelbare en nie-verhandelbare segmente van die landbou lei tot noemenswaardige groei in ander sektore by wyse van vermenigvuldigereffekte. Suksesvolle ekonomiese integrasie en armoedeverligting in Afrika sal dus steeds sterk verband hou met die liberalisering van handel in landbougoedere (Cissokho et al., 2012). Afrika het ’n snelgroeiende bevolking en ’n ontluikende middelklas, veral in stedelike gebiede. Dít dryf ’n vinnig groeiende vraag na voedsel en lei na veranderinge in verbuikervoorkeure. Intra-Afrika handel het nie teen die verwagte koers gegroei nie gegewe die geleentheid vir handel oor verskeie produksoorte heen, insluitend landbougoedere. ’n Aantal studies, insluitend dié deur Limao en Venables (2001), Portugal-Perez en Wilson (2012), Takele (2019) en Jordaan (2014), het getoon dat verbeterde handelslogistiek handel kan stimuleer. Daar is beperkte literatuur oor die impak van logistiek op spesifieke sektore en kategorieë van goedere of dienste binne verskillende geografiese gebiede. Die doelwit van hierdie studie was om te bepaal of die verbeterde handelslogistieke prestasie in ’n uitvoerende en/of invoerland ’n positiewe impak het op intra-Afrika handel in landbougoedere. Dít is verken by wyse van ’n omvattende oorsig van die literatuur, tesame met ’n swaartekragmodel wat ondersteun is deur die Wêreldbank se Logistics Performance Index (LPI) as ’n plaasvervanger veranderlike vir die gehalte van die betrokke logistieke stelsels. Die resultate van die swaartekragmodel is beraam deur gebruik te maak van ’n Poisson pseudo-maksimumaanneemlikheidsregressie (pseudo-maximum likelihood regression) (PPML), met ’n paneel-datastel van 38 lande vanaf 2010 tot 2018. Die belangrikste resultate was dat 'n toename van 1% in die totale landbou uitvoere van die handelsvennoot (aanbod), sal lei tot 'n toename van 0.40% in die waarde van landbou invoere deur die rapporterende land vanaf die betrokke handelsvennoot; 'n toename van 1% in die totale ingevoerde landbouprodukte deur die rapporterende land (vraag), sal lei tot 'n toename van 0.82% in die waarde van landbougoedere ingevoer deur die rapporterende land vanaf sy handelsvennoot in Afrika; wanneer die geldeenheid van die invoerland sterker is as die geldeenheid van die land van uitvoer, sal die waarde van invoer 14,11% hoër wees as andersins. Beide die vraag- en aanbodveranderlikes was beduidend op die 1%-vlak en die wisselkoers fopveranderlike was betekenisvol op die 5%-vlak. Alhoewel 'n spreidiagram en korrelasietabel aangedui het dat die natuurlike log van die gemiddelde LPI van die invoer- en uitvoerland 'n positiewe verband sou hê met die waarde van invoer, het die produksie van die model aangedui dat die gemiddelde LPI-veranderlike nie op die 10%-vlak beduidend was nie. Een moontlike rede vir die belangrikheid van meer as 10% wat bespreek word, is die idee dat verby 'n sekere LPI-telling (vlak van handelslogistieke kwaliteit) min of geen toename in handel gegenereer sal word as gevolg van verbeterings in die handelslogistieke kwaliteit nie. Met ander woorde, die maksimum handelsvoordeel word bereik met 'n LPI-telling onder die maksimum telling. Ander oorwegings soos die tydperk van die datastel en die samevoeging van landbougoedere is ook bespreek. Daarbenewens het die resultate aanleiding gegee tot vrae oor hoe om die effekte van die logistieke gehalte van derdeparty transito-lande in ’n swaartekragmodel in te sluit, wat voorgestel word as ’n onderwerp vir toekomstige navorsing. Hoewel die swaartekragmodel self nie bewys het dat die gehalte van handelslogistiek ’n streng positiewe invloed op intra-Afrika handel in landbougoedere het nie, ondersteun die literatuuroorsig die argument dat intra-Afrika handel in landbougoedere gestimuleer kan word deur belegging in die verskeie komponente van Afrika-lande se logistiek sowel as handelskorridor-inisiatiewe.
Description
Thesis (MCom)--Stellenbosch University, 2020.
Keywords
Agriculture -- Logistics -- Africa, Farm produce -- Commerce -- Africa, Business logistics -- Performance -- Africa, Gravity model of international trade -- Africa, UCTD
Citation