An investigation into the effect of inline coagulation and air scouring to minimize ultrafiltration membrane fouling

Date
2020-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The quality of raw water is an essential factor that determines the treatment technologies and level of treatment required to attain specified treatment objectives. Water utilities such as Rand Water currently use conventional water treatment processes to purify water to drinking water standards. However raw water quality had been gradually deteriorating due to agricultural and industrial activities and poorly performing wastewater treatment plants. Low-pressure membrane filtration processes such as microfiltration(MF) and ultrafiltration(UF) have become an attractive alternative treatment technology to replace or supplement conventional water treatment for surface waters, as they consistently produce drinking water of high quality. However, the major disadvantage of membrane filtration is membrane fouling. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of coagulant dosage, air scouring rate and the frequency of air scouring on the rate of membrane fouling and final water quality, for Vaal Dam raw water. The investigation into the effect of the polymeric coagulant dosage, air scouring rate and the frequency of air scouring on the rate of membrane fouling was conducted using a bench-scale outside-in hollow fibre PVDF submerged UF module. Firstly, ranges for polymeric coagulant dosage, air scouring rate, and the frequency of air scouring were selected and independently validated using an OFAT approach. These validated ranges were then used in a full factorial design of experiments (DoE). The purpose of conducting the DoE was to determine the combined effects of the factors and factors interactions on the rate of membrane fouling.In the scanning and validation investigation, the rate of membrane fouling reduced by 60% when the polymeric coagulant dosage was in the range of 1 to 8 mg/l, relative to no polymeric coagulant dosage. Excessive polymeric coagulant dosage increased the rate of membrane fouling. The rate of membrane fouling decreased with increasing air scouring rates range of 1 to 5 m3/m2.h. Air scouring rates above 5 m3/m2.h increased the rate of membrane fouling. The rate of membrane fouling reduced with increasing air scouring frequency from 0% to 100%. The air scouring frequency of 0% and 25% resulted in a similar rate of membrane fouling. Similarly, the air scouring frequency of 75% and 100% resulted in a similar rate of membrane fouling. The results from the DoE were analysed with statistical software and a regression model was obtained. This showed that 0 mg/l polymeric coagulant dosage and 10 min off / 10 min on air scouring frequency, irrespective of the air scouring rates resulted in the highest rate of membrane fouling. The treatment combination of 1 mg/l polymeric coagulant dosage, continuous air scouring resulted in the lowest rate of membrane fouling, irrespective of the air scouring rates. A Pareto plot indicated that the polymeric coagulant dosage, followed by the air scouring rate were the most critical factors in reducing the rate of membrane fouling. The frequency of air scouring had a moderate effect on the rate of membrane fouling, while the interaction of the air scouring rate and frequency of air scouring had a marginal effect.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die kwaliteit van rouwater is ’n essensiële faktor wat die behandelingstegnologieë en vlak van behandeling benodig bepaalom gespesifiseerde behandelingsdoelwitte te bereik. Waterutiliteite soos Rand Water gebruik tans konvensionele waterbehandelingsprosesse om water na drinkbare waterstandaarde te suiwer. Rouwaterkwaliteit het egter geleidelik agteruitgegaan as gevolg van landbou-en industriële aktiwiteite en afvalwaterbehandelingsaanlegte wat swak presteer.Laedruk membraanfiltrasieprosesse soos mikrofiltrasie (MF) en ultrafiltrasie (UF) het ’n aantreklike alternatiewe behandelingstegnologie geword om konvensionele waterbehandeling vir oppervlakwater te vervang of aan te vul, omdat dit drinkwater van hoë kwaliteit konstant produseer. Die groot nadeel van membraanfiltrasie is egter membraanaanpakking. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die effek van koagulantdosering, lugskuurtempo en die frekwensie van lugskuring op die membraanaanpakking en finale waterkwaliteit vir die Vaaldam rouwater te bepaal. Die ondersoek om die effek van die polimeriese koagulantdosering, lugskuurtempo en die frekwensie van lugskuring op die tempo van membraanaanpakking is uitgevoer op ’n banktoetsskaal buitekant-binne hol vesel PVDF onderdompelde UF-module. Eerstens, die bestek vir polimeriese koagulantdosering, lugskuurtempo, en die frekwensie van lugskuring is gekies en onafhanklik gevalideer deur ’n OFAT-benadering te gebruik. Hierdie bestekke wat gevalideer is, is toe gebruik in ’n vol faktoriaalontwerp van eksperimente (DoE). Die doel van die uitvoering van die DoE was om die gekombineerde effekte van die faktore en faktorinteraksies op die tempovan membraanaanpakking te bepaal. In die skandering en validasie ondersoek, het die tempo van membraanaanpakking afgeneem met 60% wanneer die polimeriese koagulantdosering in die bestek van 1 tot 8 mg/l was, relatief tot geen polimeriese koagulantdosering. Oormatige polimeriese koagulantdosering het die tempo van membraanaanpakking laat toeneem. Die tempo van membraanaanpakking het afgeneem met toenemende lugskuurtempo’s in die bestek van 1 tot 5 m3/m2.h. Lugskuurtempo’s bo 5 m3/m2.h het die tempo van membraanaanpakking laat toeneem. Die tempo van membraanaanpakking het afgeneem met lugskuurfrekwensie wat toeneem van 0% tot 100%. Die lugskuurfrekwensie van 0% en 25% het ’n eenderse tempo van membraanaanpakking tot gevolg gehad. Op dieselfdemanier het die lugskuurfrekwensie van 75% en 100% ’n eenderse tempo van membraanaanpakking tot gevolg gehad.Die resultate van die DoE was geanaliseer met statistiese sagteware en ’n regressiemodel is verkry. Dit het getoon dat 0 mg/l polimeriese koagulantdosering en 10 min af/10 min aan vilugskuurfrekwensie, ongeag die lugskuurtempo’s, die hoogste tempo van membraanaanpakking tot gevolg gehad het. Die behandelingkombinasie van 1 mg/l polimeriese koagulantdosering, ononderbroke lugskuring, het die laagste tempo van membraanaanpakking tot gevolg gehad, ongeag die lugskuurtempo’s.’n Pareto-plot het aangedui dat die polimeriese koagulantdosering, gevolg deur die lugskuurtempo die mees kritiese faktore was in die verlaging van die tempo van membraanaanpakking. Die frekwensie van lugskuring het ’n gematigde effek op die tempo van membraanaanpakking gehad, terwyl die interaksie tussen die lugskuurtempo en frekwensie van lugskuring ’n marginale effek gehad het.
Description
Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2020.
Keywords
Ultrafiltration, UCTD, Coagulation in water purification, Membrane -- Fouling
Citation