Degradation of plastics in the marine environment with reference to temperature and environmental factors

Date
2020-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Plastic waste is an increasing problem, especially in the marine environment, where it has detrimental effects on the ecosystem . For a better comprehension of the environmental implications and eventual fate of plastic waste, research on the degradation is required. This project aimed to fill some of the knowledge gaps by completing a laboratory investigation on temperature associated plastic history, which refers to the degradation induced via temperature on plastics waste during their journey to the ocean, and the effect this has on the degradation behaviour of the plastic in the marine environment. Influences of various environments and plastic properties were also considered. Tests at various temperatures were conducted to investigate the effect of temperature associated with plastic history. The tests were conducted at the following temperatures: 25 ̊C, 100 ̊C and a weekly cycle of 25 ̊C – 60 ̊C. In these tests, three plastics, namely, black polypropylene, clear polypropylene, and clear PET, were investigated in various sizes and shapes. For example, there were large and small, circle and rectangles shapes. The temperature, size, type of plastic and colour additive was found to have important effects on the degradation rate. In the second set of tests to investigate what transpires under marine environmental conditions, samples collected after completion of the constant 25 ̊C and 100 ̊C initial tests were subjected to the following respective treatments: constant temperatures of 25 ̊C or 60 ̊C or 12-hour cycles of 65 W/m2 or 130 W/m2UV radiance – submerged in either seawater or demineralised water, respectively. The UV radiance appeared to be predominantly responsible for greater and/or accelerated degradation compared to naturally expected temperatures, especially for clear polypropylene that exhibited physically visible embrittlement under 130 W/m2 UV radiance. Nonetheless, prolonged exposure is recommended for investigating the 65 W/m2 and 25 ̊C. For both the initial and secondary tests the colour additive is suspected of hindering mechanical property degradation. The 100 ̊C initial treatment is, however, suspected of passivating the colour additive; since after the 100 ̊C treatment, the colour additive did not hinder degradation effectively. The investigation into the effect of environment indicated that under controlled conditions with identical temperatures the addition of water resulted in degradation rate increases. This suggests that the real-life phenomenon of lower degradation in the marine environment than on land could be due to water regulating the temperature. It was furthermore observed that salinity has an accelerating effect on the degradation of polypropylene. PET tended to react similarly to the salinity but the data were not conclusive enough to affirm this theory.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Plastiekafval is ’n toenemende probleem, veral in die see-omgewing, waar dit nadelige effekte op die ekosisteem het (Griffin et al., 2018; Jambeck, 2018; Heimowska, Krasowska & Rutkowska, 2014; O’Brine & Thompson, 2010; Wellfair, 2008; Derraik, 2002). Om die omgewingsimpak en eventuele lot van plastiekafval beter te verstaan, word navorsing oor die degradering vereis. Hierdie projek het beoog om sommige van die kennisgate te vul deur ’n laboratoriumondersoek oor temperatuur geassosieerde plastiekgeskiedenis te voltooi, wat verwys na die degradasie wat teweeg gebring word deur temperatuur op plastiekafval gedurende hul reis na die see-omgewing, en die effek wat dit het op die degradasie gedrag in die see-omgewing. Die invloed van verskeie omgewings en plastiekeienskappe is ook oorweeg. Toetse is by verskeie temperature uitgevoer om die effek van temperatuur geassosieer met plastiekgeskiedenis te ondersoek. Die toetse is uitgevoer by die volgende temperature: 25 °C, 100 °C, en ’n weeklikse siklus van 25 °C – 60 °C. In hierdie toetse is drie tipes plastiek, naamlik swart polipropileen, deursigtige polipropileen, en deursigtige PET ondersoek in verskeie groottes en vorms. Byvoorbeeld, daar was groot en klein, sirkel en reghoekige vorms. Dit is gevind dat die temperatuur, grootte, tipe plastiek en kleurselbymiddels belangrike effekte op die degradasietempo het. In die tweede stel toetse, waar daar ondersoek is wat onder see-omgewingkondisies gebeur, is steekproewe bymekaar gemaak na die voltooiing van die konstante 25 °C en 100 °C aanvanklike toetse, en aan die volgende onderskeidelike behandelinge blootgestel: konstante temperature van 25 °C of 60 °C of 12-uur siklusse van 65 W/m2 of 130 W/m2 UV-straling – onderdompel in of seewater of gedemineraliseerde water, onderskeidelik. Dit het geblyk of die UV-straling hoofsaaklik verantwoordelik is vir meer en/of versnelde degradasie in vergelyking met verwagte natuurlike temperature, veral vir deursigtige polipropileen wat fisiese sigbare verbrossing getoon het onder 130 W/m2 UV-straling. Terselfdertyd word verlengde blootstelling voorgestel vir die ondersoek van 65 W/m2 en 25 °C. Dit word vermoed dat, vir beide die aanvanklike en sekondêre toetse, die kleurbymiddel die meganiese eienskap degradasie verhinder het. Dit word egter vermoed dat die aanvanklike behandeling van 100 °C die kleurbymiddel passief laat, aangesien die kleurbymiddel nie die degradasie effektief verhinder het na die 100 °C-behandeling nie. Die ondersoek na die effek van omgewing het aangetoon dat in identiese temperature onder gekontroleerde kondisies die byvoeging van water die degradasietempo laat toeneem. Hierdie stel voor dat die verskynsel van laer degradasie in die natuurlike see-omgewing teenoor die land die gevolg kan wees van die water wat die temperatuur reguleer. Die polipropileen toon ook dat die effek van soutinhoud beduidend versnellend is. PET het ’n soortgelyke tendens getoon, maar die PET se data was nie beduidend genoem om die teorie te bevestig nie.
Description
Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2020.
Keywords
Polymer, UCTD, Marine environment pollution, Environmental degradation, Plastic waste, Ecosystem health, Temperature -- Environmental factors
Citation