Familiar mutualist interactions during biological invasions: Consequences for invaders and impacts on natives.

Date
2020-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Mutualisms are important for plant survival but are easily disrupted when plants are introduced into new environments. This acts as a strong barrier to establishment success. However, non-native plants can form novel mutualisms with resident species or, when co-introduced, can maintain familiar associations. Plants that co-invade ecosystems with their mutualists usually impact native species more severely than invasive plants that form novel associations. Invasive Australian acacias (genus Acacia Mill.) make use of both mutualist reassembly pathways to facilitate their invasion success in nutrient poor environments. These acacias frequently alter (a)biotic soil conditions, e.g. via soil nutrient enrichment, leading to positive feedbacks. The first aim of this thesis was to determine the relative contributions of novel vs familiar rhizobial associations to the establishment success of Acacia saligna across different soils in South Africa’s Core Cape Subregion. As a second aim, I also investigated whether leaf litter of Acacia saligna benefits its seedlings’ establishment under competition with a native legume, and how this may act synergistically with familiar rhizobial associations to improve the competitive ability of the species. For the first aim, I grew A. saligna and the native legume, Psoralea pinnata, in a glasshouse experiment in five different CCR soils under two inoculum addition treatments. Australian bradyrhizobia isolated from acacias were used as inocula. Various performance measures were recorded and next-generation sequencing (NGS) barcoding methods used to identify rhizobia associating with the two legumes across treatments. For both legumes, few significant inoculum effects were found for any performance measures. Plant performance responded more strongly to soil type. Barcoding revealed that A. saligna and P. pinnata were predominantly associating with Australian Bradyrhizobium and native Mesorhizobium, respectively, irrespective of treatment x soil combination. For the second aim, I grew A. saligna and P. pinnata together in pots containing Psoralea-conditioned soils and exposed them to Australian inoculum and acacia topsoil (which represented acacia leaf litter) treatments in a fully factorial design. I incorporated data for seedlings grown in the same soil from the glasshouse experiment discussed under aim one to compare performances when grown alone vs in mixture so as to determine how Australian bradyrhizobia may facilitate acacia performance. I also compared the performances of each legume grown together in mixture between the four inoculum and topsoil treatment combinations. Overall, I found no significant inoculum or topsoil effects on the performance of either legume. NGS revealed similar rhizobial associations as in the first experiment. Overall, this thesis revealed that both legume species formed familiar associations regardless of Acacia-Bradyrhizobium cointroductions or acacia-mediated positive feedbacks. This suggests that P. pinnata may be valuable for restoration projects after acacia clearing. The presence of Australian bradyrhizobia in all soils (including uninoculated soils) also suggests that these strains are already present and proliferating within the CCR, and can thereby facilitate future Australian acacia invasions as mutualist absence may no longer be a barrier to acacia establishment success.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Mutualismes is belangrik vir plantoorlewing, maar word gewoonlik tydens plantvrystellings ontwrig en kan dus 'n hindernis wees vir die suksesvolle vestiging van uitheemse spesies. Uitheemse plante kan egter mutualiste verkry deur middel van nuwe assosiasies met inwonende mutualiste, of deur middel van bekende assosiasies (dit wil sê, mutualiste wat saam met plante vrygestel is). Altwee hierdie padweë vir die herontmoeting van uitheemse plante en hulle mutualiste het voordele vir indringerspesies en hul gepaardgaande impakte op inheemse spesies. Beide sal hoër wees tydens bekende assosiasies. Uitheemse Australiese akasias het hul mutualistiese rhizobië verkry deur middel van beide nuwe en bekende assosiasies, wat hul indringingsukses in voedingsstof-arm omgewings bevoordeel. Akasias verander ook (a)biotiese toestande tydens indringing wat lei tot positiewe terugvoermeganismes (bv. die verryking van grond voedingsstowwe deur middel van blaarvullis). Die eerste doel van hierdie proefskrif was om die relatiewe bydraes van nuwe, teenoor bekende, rhizobiese assosiasies tot die vestigingsukses van Acacia saligna in verskillende grondtipes in die Kaapse Kern Subomgewing (KKS) van Suid-Afrika te bepaal. As 'n tweede doel het ek ook ondersoek ingestel om te bepaal of blaarvullis van Acacia saligna dié spesie se vestiging bevoordeel onder kompetisie met 'n inheemse peulplant, en hoe dit sinergisties kan werk met bekende rhizobiese assosiasies om die mededingingsvermoë van die spesie te verbeter. Vir die eerste doel het ek A. saligna en die inheemse peulplant, Psoralea pinnata, gekweek in 'n kweekhuis-eksperiment in vyf verskillende KKS-gronde onder twee toevoegings van inenting. Australiese bradyrhizobië, geïsoleer vanuit akasias, is gebruik as entstof. Verskeie plantegroeimetings is aangeteken en volgende generasie basisvolgordebepaling (NGS) is gebruik om rhizobië te identifiseer wat met die twee peulplante geassosieer was. Vir beide peulplante is min beduidende effekte van entstowwe vir enige plantegroeimetings gevind. Plantprestasies het sterker gereageer op grondsoort. NGS het ook getoon dat A. saligna en P. pinnata hoofsaaklik assosieer met onderskeidelik Australiese Bradyrhizobium en inheemse Mesorhizobium, ongeag van entstof behandeling x grond kombinasie. Vir die tweede doel het ek A. saligna en P. pinnata saam gegroei in potte wat Psoralea-gekondisioneerde grond bevat het en dié blootgestel aan Australiese entstof en akasie bogrond (verteenwoordigend van akasia-blaarvullis). Ek het plantegroeidata versamel vir saailinge wat in dieselfde grond gekweek was in die eksperiment wat onder doel 1 bespreek was. Dit het my toegelaat om data te vergelyk tussen plante wat alleen en in 'n mengsel gegroei was om vas te stel hoe Australiese bradyrhizobië die groei en kompeterende vermoë van akasië beinvloed. Ek het ook die groei van beide peulplante vergelyk tussen die vier kombinasies vir inenting en bogrond onder kompetisie. Oor die algemeen het ek geen beduidende effekte van inenting of bogrond op die groei van beide die peulplante gevind nie. NGS het soortgelyke rhizobiese assosiasies aangetoon as wat ek in die eerste eksperiment bepaal het. Oor die algemeen het hierdie tesis bevestig dat beide peulplantspesies bekende assosiasies met rhizobië gevorm het, ongeag van die teen woordigheid van Australiese Acacia en Bradyrhizobium, of hul positiewe terugvoermeganismes. Dit dui daarop dat P. pinnata waardevol kan wees in restourasieprojekte na die verwydering van akasia. Die aanwesigheid van Australiese bradyrhizobië in alle gronde (insluitend oningeënte gronde) dui ook daarop dat hierdie bakterieë reeds in die KKS voorkom, en sodoende toekomstige Australiese akasia vrylatings kan bevoordeel, aangesien die onderlinge afwesigheid van effektiewe mutualiste nie meer 'n hindernis is huk vestigingssukses nie.
Description
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2020.
Keywords
Core Cape Subregion, Rhizobiaceae, Australian acacias, Soils -- Composition, Legumes, Biological invasions -- South Africa, Mutualism (Biology), Acacia -- Effect of climatic changes on, Invaders (Organisms), Introduced organisms -- South Africa, UCTD
Citation