Investigation of the genetic aetiology of aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss in South African populations

Date
2009-12
Authors
Human, Hannique
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa is currently facing a major multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) epidemic and has one of the highest incidences in the world. Aminoglycoside antibiotics are commonly used in this country as a treatment against MDR-TB. A well known side-effect of aminoglycosides is permanent hearing loss and this is thought to have a significant genetic component. To date, at least six mutations in the mitochondrial genome are known to confer susceptibility to aminoglycosideinduced hearing loss. It is imperative that we investigate the frequency of these mutations in our populations and determine whether certain sub-groups are at increased risk. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate the genetic aetiology of aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss in the South African population. A multiplex method using the ABI PrismĀ® SNaPshotTM Multiplex system was optimised to screen for six mutations in the MT-RNR1: A1555G, C1494T, T1095C, 961delT+C(n), A827G and T1291C. A total of 115 MDR-TB patients from the Brooklyn Chest Hospital in Cape Town who were receiving high doses of either streptomycin, kanamycin or capreomycin were recruited for this study. Furthermore, 439 control samples, comprising of 93 Afrikaner, 104 Caucasian, 112 Black and 130 Mixed Ancestry individuals were recruited and screened for the presence of the six mutations. Identification of novel variants in the MT-RNR1 and the entire mitochondrial genome was performed using High Resolution Melt analysis (HRM) and whole mitochondrial DNA sequencing, respectively. A total of 97 family members from a South African family known to harbour the A1555G mutation were recruited and genotyped using SNaPshot analysis. In addition, mitochondrial functioning in the presence of different streptomycin drug concentrations, in transformed lymphoblasts of an individual harbouring the A1555G, was assessed by means of the MTT colorimetric assay. Detection of heteroplasmic mutations was performed using PCRRestriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and UN-SCAN-IT software. We successfully developed a robust and cost-effective method that detects the presence of all six mutations simultaneously. The method worked equally well on both blood (from adults) and buccal swabs (from children). The C1494T, T1095C and T1291C mutations were not detected in any of the MDR-TB or control groups. Alarmingly, the A1555G mutation was detected in 0.9% of the Black control samples and in 1.1% of the Afrikaner controls (in one sample in the heteroplasmic state 25%). The A827G mutation was present at a frequency of 0.9% in the MDR-TB patients and in 1.1% of the Afrikaner controls. The 961delT + insC(n) mutation was found in relatively high frequencies in both the MDR-TB patients (3.5%) and control groups (1.1% of the Afrikaner, 1.5% of the Mixed Ancestry and 7.1% of the Black samples). Similarly, the T961G mutation was III detected at high frequencies in the Caucasian (2.9%) and Afrikaner (3.2%) controls. Screening for novel variants in MT-RNR1 in MDR-TB patients experiencing ototoxicity revealed two novel variants (G719A and T1040C). However, G719A and T1040C are not likely to be pathogenic since they were detected in ethnic-matched controls: Mixed Ancestry (20.7%) and Black (1.8%) controls. Furthermore, a total of 50 novel variants were identified within the mitochondrial genome of eight MDR-TB patients with ototoxicity. Only five of the 50 variants (one in the MT-TH, ND3, COX3 and two in the CYTB gene) were shown to reside at positions that are evolutionarily conserved across five species from human to frog, and the four variants in the protein coding genes resulted in missense changes. A total of 76 of the 97 family members recruited were found to be A1555Gpositive (on mitochondrial haplogroup L0d) and are therefore at risk of developing irreversible hearing loss. Genes and variants known to act as genetic modifiers: tRNASer(UCN), homozygous A10S in TRMU and 35delG in GJB2 were not present in this family. For the MTT assay, decreased mitochondrial functioning of cells harbouring the A1555G mutation in the presence of streptomycin were (compared to wild type) observed but this was not statistically significant (p-value: 0.615- 0.999). The high frequency of the A1555G mutation (0.9%) in the Black population in South Africa is of concern given the high incidence of MDR-TB in this particular ethnic group. However, future studies with larger numbers of samples are warranted to determine the true frequencies of the aminoglycoside deafness mutations in the general South African population. Our data suggests that the 961delT + insC(n) and T961G variants are common non-pathogenic polymorphisms due to the high frequencies observed in controls (>1%). The identification of the first novel variants within protein coding genes that could possibly be associated with aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss holds great possibilities with regards to the identification of a second gene involved in drug induced hearing loss. Future studies where the possible effect of these variants on the normal functioning of these genes could be assessed would contribute greatly to this field of research. All 76 A1555Gpositive members of the family were given genetic reports and counseled about their risk and that of their children for developing hearing loss due to aminoglycoside use. The development of a rapid and cost-effective genetic method facilitates the identification of individuals at high risk of developing hearing loss prior to the start of aminoglycoside therapy. This is of critical important in a low-resource country like South Africa where, despite their adverse sideeffects, aminoglycosides will be continue to be used routinely and are accompanied with very limited or no audiological monitoring. Future studies and greater public awareness is therefore needed to address this serious problem.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid Afrika beleef tans ā€žn grootskaalse tuberculose epidemie (veral weerstandige vorme van tuberculose) (MDR-TB), met een van die hoogste voorkomssyfers in die wĆŖreld. Aminoglikosied antibiotikums word baie algemeen gebruik in Suid Afrika vir die behandeling van MDR-TB. ā€Ÿn Bekende newe effek van die middels is permanente gehoor verlies en dit is van mening dat dit gekoppel is aan ā€žn genetiese component. Daar is tans ses mutasies in die mitochondriale genoom wat vatbaarheid tot aminoglikosied-geinduseerde gehoor verlies veroorsaak. Daarom is dit van uiterse belang dat die frekwensie van die mutasies in ons populasies bepaal word sodat daar vasgestel kan word watter groepe ā€žn hoĆ« risiko het om gehoor verlies te kan ontwikkel. Die ABI PrismĀ® SNaPshotTM Multipleks sisteem is gebruik en geoptimiseer om te toets vir die ses mutasies in die MT-RNR1: C1494T, T1095C, 961delT+C(n), A827G and T1291C. ā€žn Totaal van 115 MDR-TB pasiente van die Brooklyn Chest Hospital in Kaap Stad is gewerf vir die studie. Hierdie pasiente ontvang daaglikse hoĆ« dosese van een van die volgende aminoglikosiede: streptomycin, kanamycin of capreomycin. Verder is ā€žn totaal van 439 kontrole DNA monsters gewerf vanuit die volgende etniese groepe: 93 Afrikaner, 104 Blank, 112 Swart and 130 Kleurling. Hierdie monsters is ook getoets vir die ses mutatsies. HoĆ« Resolusie Smelt analise (HRS) is gebruik om nuwe DNS volgorde veranderinge in die MT-RNR geen te identifiseer. Die hele mitochondriale genoom is blootgestel aan DNA volgorde bepaling in ā€žn poging om nuwe DNS volgorde verandering in die genoom te identifiseer wat moontlik betrokke kan wees by aminoglikosied-geinduseerde gehoor verlies. ā€žn Total van 97 lede van ā€žn Suid Afrikaanse familie waar die A1555G mutasie teenwoordig is, is deur middle van die SNaPshot metode gegenotipeer. Verder is die normale funcitoneering van die mitochondrion in getransformeerde witbloed selle, getoets in die teenwoordigheid van verskillende konsentrasies streptomycin met behulp van die MTT kleurmetrie toets. Deteksie van heteroplasmiese mutasies is gedoen deur middle van die PCR-RFLP tegniek en alle analises is gedoen op die UN-SCAN-IT program. Ons was suksesvol in die ontwikkeling van ā€žn vinnige, koste effektiewe en kragtige tegniek wat al ses die mutasies in MT-RNR1 in een reaksie kan optel. Hierdie tegniek het goed gewerk met DNA monsters van bloed en van selle verkry vanuit die wangholte (geneem van kinders jonger as 12 jaar). Die C1494T, T1095C en T1291C mutasies is glad nie waargeneem in enige van ons MDR-TB patiente of kontroles nie. Skrikwekkend is die hoĆ« frekwensie (0.9%) waarby die A1555G mutasie in die Swart kontrole groep waargeneem is. Hierdie mutasie is ook in 1.1% van die Afrikaner kontrole groep opgemerk in heteroplasmie van 25%. Die A827G mutasie was teenwoordig in 0.9% en 1.1% van die MDR-TB patiente en Afrikaner kontrole monsters, onerskeidelik. Die 961delT + insC(n) mutasie is opgemerk in baie hoĆ« frekwensies in beide die MDR-TB (3.5%) en kontrole groepe (1.1% van die Afrikaner, 1.5% van die Kleurling en 7.1% van die Swart monsters). Die T961G mutasie is ook in hoĆ« frekwensies in slegs die Blanke (2.9%) en die Afrikaner (3.2%) kontrole groepe waargeneem. Nuwe DNS volgorde veranderinge in MT-RNR1 is gesoek in ā€žn groep MDR-TB patiente wat gehoor verlies ondervind. Slegs twee nuwe verandering is ontdek (G719A en T1040C). Dit is onwaarskynlik dat hierdie veranderinge patogenies is siende dat hulle teen frekwensies van 20.7% en 1.8% waargeneem is in die Kleurling en Swart kontrole groepe onderskeidelik. Tydens die soeke na nuwe DNS volgorde veranderinge wat moontlik geassosieer is met aminoglikosied-geinduseerde gehoor verlies in die mitochondriale genoom is 50 onbekende veranderinge ontdek (een in die MT-TH, ND3, COX3 en twee in die CYTB gene). Die veranderinge is verder ondersoek vir evolusionĆŖre konservasie op beide die nukliotied en amino suur vlak van mens to padda. Dit is bevind dat 76 uit die 97 familie lede positief is vir die A1555G mutasie en het dus ā€žn hoĆ« risiko om aminoglikosied-geinduseerde gehoor verlies te ontwikkel as hul bloot gestel word aan hierdie antibiotikums. Verder is gevind dat hierdie familie op die L0d mitochondriale haplogroep lĆŖ. Geen van die sogenaamde genetiese modifiseerde gene of DNS volgorde veranderinge in hierdie gene (tRNASer(UCN), A10S in TRMU in homosigotiese vorm en die 35delG in GJB2) is gevind in die familie nie. Die MTT toets het ā€žn afname in die mitochondriale funksioneering van selle waar die A1555G mutasie teenwoordig was getoon, alhoewel die verskil tussen selle wat nie die A1555G mutasie het nie, nie statisties betekenisvol was nie (p-waarde: 0.615-0.999). Die hoĆ« frekwensie van die A1555G mutasie (0.9%) in die Swart populasie van Suid Afrika is skrikwekkend siende dat die voorkomssyfer van MDR-TB in hierdie groep baie hoog is. Toekomstige studies met grooter getalle is nodig om die ware frekwensie van die mutasies geassosieer met aminoglikosied-geinduseerde gehoor verlies in die algemende Suid Afrikaanse populasie te bepaal. Ons data dui aan dat die 961delT + insC(n) en die T961G mutasies slegs algemene nie-patogeniese polimorphismis is siende dat dit in sulke hoĆ« frekwensies (>1%) in kontroles opgemerk is. Die identifiseering van die eerste DNS volgorde veranderinge in proteĆÆen kodeerende gene wat moontlik geassosieer is met aminoglikosied-geinduseerde gehoor verlies hou groot en belowende moontlikehede in, interme van die identifiseering van ā€žn tweede geen. Toekomstige studies waarin die effek van hierdie veranderinge op die normale funktioneering van hierdie gene ondersoek word sal ā€žn besondere groot bydrae lewer tot hierdie veld van navorsing. Al 76 van die A1555G positiewe familie lede is voorsien van genetiese verslae en het berading ontvang in verband met hul risiko en die risiko van hul kinders om aminoglikosied-geinduseerde gehoor verlies te ontwikkel. Die ontwikkeling van ā€žn kragtige, vinnige en koste-effektiewe genetiese metode vergemaklik die vinnige identifiseering van hoĆ« risiko individue vir die ontwikkeling van gehoor verlies voordat hulle met hul aminoglikosiede behandeling begin. Dit is veral noodsaaklik in ā€žn derde wĆŖreld land soos Suid Afrika waar, ten spyte van hul gevaarlike newe effekte, aminoglikosied antibiotikums steeds gebruik sal word. Daarom is grooter publieke bewusmaking nodig om hierdie problem te probeer oplos en te verhoed.
Description
Thesis (MScMedSc (Biomedical Sciences. Molecular Biology and Human Genetics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
Keywords
Aminoglycosides, Multi-drug Resistant Tuberculosis, South African, SNaPshot, Dissertations -- Human genetics, Theses -- Human genetics
Citation