A critical analysis of the discursive representation of homelessness in News24, District Mail and Ground Up from 2018 - 2020

Date
2022-03
Journal Title
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Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis reports on a qualitative and quantitative study of the discursive representation of homelessness in three South African news media publications, District Mail, News24, and Ground Up between 2018 and 2020 through the analytical lens of van Dijk’s (1993) sociocognitive approach to Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). The aim of the study was to analyse the role that the news media play in constructing attitudes toward vulnerable groups, like homeless people, as the ways in which such groups are constructed in public discourses typically (re)produces dominant ideologies and public stigma that marginalises the groups by allowing for unfair government policies to be passed that keeps them at the outskirts of society. This research also made use of Braun and Clarke’s (2012) approach to Thematic Analysis (TA) in order to establish the main themes that were found in news items that either sustained stereotypes and stigmas about the group, or challenged them. In addition, it also drew upon Scollon’s (1997) theory of attribution in order to explore how the local news media either gave a voice to the homeless community or silenced them. The study’s findings identified five thematic representations across the news publications, namely ‘A war against the homeless’; ‘A neighbourhood nuisance’; ‘Homelessness does not discriminate’; ‘The homeless are idle’; and ‘Ambitious and determined’. Findings also revealed that in anti-homeless publications, stigmas about the group are constructed through discourse that characterises homeless people as being unclean and dangerous substance abusers that are involved in criminal activity and pose a risk to public health. Additionally, the study found a strong trend of polarisation in such media representations of homeless people, typically describing in-group (non-homeless people) suffering and good actions, alongside negative outgroup (homeless people) representations, who were marked as the cause of in-group suffering due to their negative actions and characteristics. In contrast, pro-homeless publications characterised as the homeless as victims of injustice whose human rights are being violated by placing emphasis on their lack of access to basic necessities, and the failure of local municipalities to care for their homeless populations. The findings further showed that articles found in Ground Up, which reports on behalf of vulnerable communities, were significantly more pro-homeless whereas the community news publication District Mail’s corpus was largely anti-homeless in their reportage. The study concluded with a number of recommendations for journalists who wish to make their reportage on homelessness more constructive, including avoiding stereotyping; giving agency to individuals or groups who marginalise homeless people in order to show who is responsible for the group’s marginalisation; including the voices of homeless people in articles that topicalise them; and situating the problem of homelessness within the socio-economic context of poverty, unemployment, and a lack of appropriate government support instead of attributing it to personal shortcomings and poor decision making.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis lewer verslag oor ’n kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe studie oor die diskursiewe verteenwoordigings van haweloosheid in die drie Suid-Afrikaanse nuusmedia-publikasies, District Mail, News 24, en Ground Up tussen 2018 en 2020, deur die analitiese lens van van Dijk (1993) se sosio-kognitiewe benadering tot Kritiese Diskoers-analise (KDA). Die doel van die studie was om ’n analise uit te voer rakende die rol wat die nuusmedia speel in die konstruering van houdings teenoor kwesbare groepe, soos hawelose mense, aangesien die maniere waarop sulke groepe gekonstrueer word in publieke diskoerse, tipies dominante ideologieë en publieke stigma (her)produseer, wat die groep marginaliseer deur toe te laat dat onregverdige regeringsbeleide aanvaar word, wat hulle op die buitewyke van die samelewing hou. Hierdie navorsing het ook gebruik gemaak van Braun en Clarke (2012) se benadering tot Tematiese Analise (TA) ten einde die hooftemas vas te stel wat gevind is in nuusitems wat óf stereotipes en stigmas oor die groep handhaaf, óf hulle uitdaag. Verder is Scollon (1997) se teorie van toeskrywing-teorie benut om ondersoek in te stel rakende hoe die plaaslike nuusmedia óf ’n stem gee aan die hawelose gemeenskap óf hulle stilmaak. Die studie se bevindinge het vyf tematiese verteenwoordigings geïdentifiseer oor die nuuspublikasies heen, naamlik “’n Oorlog teen die haweloses”; “’n Oorlas vir die buurt”; “Haweloosheid diskrimineer nie; “Die haweloses is ledig”; en “Ambisieus en vasberade”. Die bevindinge het ook onthul dat stigmas oor die groep in anti-haweloosheid publikasies gekonstrueer word deur diskoers wat hawelose mense karakteriseer as vuil en gevaarlike middelmisbruikers wat betrokke is in kriminele aktiwiteite en wat ’n risiko vir publieke gesondheid inhou. Verder het die studie ’n sterk tendens van polarisering gevind in hierdie mediaverteenwoordigings van hawelose mense, waar die lyding en goeie dade van in-groep lede (nie-hawelose mense) gewoonlik beskryf word, tesame met negatiewe verteenwoordigings van uit-groep lede (hawelose mense), wat gemerk is as die oorsaak van ingroep lyding weens hulle negatiewe aksies en eienskappe. In kontras hiermee karakteriseer pro-hawelose publikasies die haweloses as slagoffers van onreg wie se menseregte geskend word, deur klem te lê op hul gebrek aan toegang tot basiese noodsaaklikhede, en die versuiming van plaaslike munisipaliteite om vir hulle hawelose bevolking te sorg. Die bevindinge het verder getoon dat artikels van Ground Up, wat verslag lewer namens kwesbare gemeenskappe, merkbaar meer pro-haweloos was, terwyl die gemeenskapsnuus-publikasie District Mail korpus grotendeels anti-haweloos was in hul verslaggewing. Die studie sluit af met ’n aantal aanbevelings vir joernaliste wat hul verslaggewing oor haweloosheid meer konstruktief wil maak, insluitend om stereotipering te vermy; om agentskap te gee aan individue of groepe wat hawelose mense marginaliseer ten einde te wys wie verantwoordelik is vir die marginalisering van die groep; om die stemme van hawelose mense in te sluit in artikels wat hulle aktualiseer; en om die probleem van haweloosheid te situeer binne die sosio-ekonomiese konteks van armoede, werkloosheid, en ’n gebrek aan voldoende ondersteuning van die regering, eerder as om dit toe te skryf aan persoonlike tekortkominge en swak besluitneming.
Description
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2022.
Keywords
Critical discourse analysis, Homelessness in mass media, Media representations of homeless people, Reportage on homelessness
Citation