Conservation of ant (Formicidae) and springtail (Collembola) diversity in South African timber production landscapes

Date
2022-04
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Soil invertebrates are excellent indicators of soil health and play significant roles in soil ecosystem processes. Globally, information on their distribution and response to environmental factors remain limited. Commercial forestry in South Africa aims for sustainable production, continuously adapting ecological principles to reduce its footprint on natural ecosystems and to ensure continued productivity for future tree growth. In this thesis, I examine the diversity and distribution of soil biodiversity within South African forestry landscapes, comprising mosaics of planted areas interspersed with interconnected natural habitat, known as ecological networks. This dissertation highlights the importance of ecological networks for preserving high levels of irreplaceable soil biodiversity within plantation landscapes. Remnant grassland and indigenous forest among timber plantation block contributes greatly to higher taxonomic and functional soil biodiversity, and soil biological activity in the overall plantation landscape. Soil- and site-scale variables had a greater effect than landscape-scale variables on soil arthropods. In addition, I found varied responses between arthropod taxa to environmental variables, emphasizing the importance of not only conserving landscape-scale heterogeneity, but also conserving small-scale heterogeneity and localized soil quality within a timber-plantation landscape to maximally benefit a wide range of species with different functional traits. Furthermore, I show that plantations can have similar levels of soil arthropod taxonomic diversity compared to natural systems. Beta-diversity within plantations were as high as in natural systems, which was mainly driven by high species replacement. This may have been caused by high environmental variation between plantation sites or spillover from natural areas. Additionally, exotic Eucalyptus tree compartments had equally high functional diversity as indigenous forests and grasslands, indicating seemingly high levels of ecosystem stability and functioning. Despite a high percentage of species shared between plantations and natural systems, there were significant shifts in soil arthropod species traits between the biotope types, with plantation assemblages having a prevalence of traits that may enable species to persist within plantations. This highlights the importance of sustainable management practices within plantations to limit the loss of functionally important soil fauna. Harvest residue management is important within commercial plantations as a nutrient management tool and to reduce fire risk. In the short-term, there was limited response of arthropod taxonomic and functional diversity, as well as assemblage composition and below-ground feeding activity, to different residue management treatments, despite highly varied conditions among treatments. However, this may have been due to the well-buffered clay soils on which the experiment took place. Therefore, assessment over a longer term and across different soil types are required to determine the best residue management practice which allows the greatest recovery of soil arthropods. This dissertation provides guidelines for soil arthropod conservation in plantation landscapes, highlighting the importance of remnant natural areas, high environmental heterogeneity, and sustainable management of soils within timber production areas to ensure their continued functioning for future generations. It also highlights the great diversity, responsiveness to environmental variation and adaptations to novel conditions of these functionally important taxa.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Grond ongewerweldes is uitstekende aanwysers van grondgesondheid en speel 'n belangrike rol in die ekosisteemprosesse van die grond. Wêreldwyd bly inligting oor die verspreiding daarvan en reaksie op omgewingsfaktore beperk. Kommersiële bosbou in Suid-Afrika streef na volhoubare produksie, deurlopend die ekologiese beginsels aan te pas om sy voetspoor op natuurlike ekosisteme te verminder en om voortgesette produktiwiteit vir toekomstige boomgroei te verseker. In hierdie proefskrif ondersoek ek die diversiteit en verspreiding van grondbiodiversiteit in Suid-Afrikaanse bosboulandskappe, bestaande uit mosaïek van aangeplante gebiede afgewissel met onderling verbonde natuurlike habitat, bekend as ekologiese netwerke. Hierdie proefskrif beklemtoon die belangrikheid van ekologiese netwerke vir die behoud van hoë vlakke van onvervangbare biodiversiteit in plantlandskappe. Oorblywende grasveld en inheemse bos tussen houtplantasieblokke dra grootliks by tot 'n hoër taksonomiese en funksionele grondbiodiversiteit, en grondbiologiese aktiwiteit in die algehele plantasie-landskap. Grond- en terreinskaalveranderlikes het 'n groter uitwerking as veranderlikes op landskapskaal op grond geleedpotiges. Daarbenewens het ek uiteenlopende reaksies gevind tussen geleedpotige taksa op omgewingsveranderlikes, en beklemtoon die belangrikheid daarvan om nie net die heterogeniteit van landskapskaal te bewaar nie, maar ook om kleinskaalse heterogeniteit en gelokaliseerde grondkwaliteit binne 'n houtplantasie-landskap te bewaar om 'n groot verskeidenheid spesies met verskillende funksionele eienskappe te baat. Verder toon ek aan dat plantasies soortgelyke vlakke van taksonomiese diversiteit in die grond geleedpotiges kan hê in vergelyking met natuurlike stelsels. Betadiversiteit in plantasies was so hoog soos in natuurlike stelsels, wat hoofsaaklik gedryf is deur hoë spesievervanging. Dit is moontlik veroorsaak deur groot omgewingsvariasie tussen plantasies of oorstromings uit natuurlike gebiede. Boonop het eksotiese Eucalyptus-boomkompartemente ewe hoë funksionele diversiteit as inheemse woude en grasvelde, wat op oënskynlik hoë vlakke van stabiliteit en funksionering van die ekosisteem dui. Ten spyte van 'n hoë persentasie spesies wat tussen plantasies en natuurlike stelsels gedeel word, was daar 'n beduidende verskuiwing in die eienskappe van grond geleedpotiges tussen die biotope tipes, met plantasie samestellings wat 'n voorkoms van eienskappe het wat spesies in staat sou stel om binne plantasies te oorleef. Dit beklemtoon die belangrikheid van volhoubare bestuurspraktyke binne plantasies om die verlies aan funksioneel belangrike grondfauna te beperk. Die bestuur van oesreste is belangrik in kommersiële aanplantings as 'n hulpmiddel vir die bestuur van voedingstowwe en om die brandrisiko te verminder. Op kort termyn, was die taksonomiese en funksionele diversiteit van geleedpotige reaksies beperk, sowel as die samestellingstruktuur en voedingsaktiwiteite onder die grond, ondanks die baie uiteenlopende toestande tussen behandelings. Dit kan egter te wyte wees aan die goed gebufferde kleigrond waarop die eksperiment plaasgevind het. Daarom is assessering oor 'n langer termyn en oor verskillende grondsoorte nodig om die beste bestuurspraktyk te bepaal wat die grootste herstel van geleedpotiges moontlik maak. Hierdie proefskrif bied riglyne vir die bewaring van grond-geleedpotiges in plantasie-landskappe, wat die belangrikheid van oorblywende natuurgebiede, hoë omgewingsheterogeniteit en volhoubare bestuur van gronde in houtproduksiegebiede beklemtoon om die voortgesette funksionering daarvan vir toekomstige geslagte te verseker. Dit beklemtoon ook die groot diversiteit, reaksie op omgewingsvariasie en aanpassings by nuwe toestande van hierdie funksioneel belangrike taksa.
Description
Thesis (PhDConsEcol)--Stellenbosch University, 2022.
Keywords
Soil biodiversity, Ant(Formicidae) -- Ecology, Timber plantation -- Landscapes -- South Africa, Plantations -- Conservation -- South Africa, Springtail (Collembola) -- Ecology, Sustainability, Timber production, UCTD
Citation