The impact of cannabis and methamphetamine use on clinical and functional aspects of outcome in first-episode Schizophrenia patients : a longitudinal study

Date
2021-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
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Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY : Schizophrenia spectrum disorders, which schizophrenia, schizophreniform, and schizoaffective are severe and disabling disorders by a range of symptoms that psychosis, apathy and withdrawal, mood and impairment. "ness, hereafter referred to as schizophrenia spectrum or SSD, often starts to manifest during adolescence or early adulthood, and may have a lifelong This negative impact already conferred by schizophrenia spectrum disorders is further by a high rate of comorbid substance use. Despite high rate of comorbid substance abuse in schizophrenia spectrum disorders in South Africa, this population has remained under-researched in our setting. Specifically, cannabis and methamphetamine are two most commonly elicit substances in the Western Cape. Although there is literature on the role of cannabis and in the context of SSD, a number of questions as yet remain unanswered. Addressing such questions is necessary, especially in the South African context as resources for mental health are limited. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the impact of cannabis and methamphetamine use on baseline symptom severity and brain structure, and on clinical outcomes over 24 months of treatment with a long-lasting injectable antipsychotic in patients with a Schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Based on the nature of our cohort, as well as recent developments in the literature, we focussed specifically on the effects of cannabis and methamphetamines, as the two most used illicit substances in our region, and because of the availability of good data on these substances. We hypothesised that firstly, use is associated with poor psychopathology outcomes and higher relapse rates in first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorder patients for whom treatment adherence is assured (objective I); cannabis methamphetamine have independent, and dose- time-dependant effects on cognitive functioning in first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorder patients (objective II); cannabis use is with pre-treatment hippocampal volume reductions in first-episode schizophrenia patients compared to matched controls (objective III); First-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorder patients who use cannabis are at risk for treatment-emergent metabolic syndrome changes (objective IV). Regarding the selection of brain structural regions, we choose the hippocampal subfields, based on the recent development of software to accurately measure the subfields, together with an emerging literature on the relevance of the hippocampus in substance abuse. Specifically, this project investigated differences between First-Episode Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder patients with and without cannabis and/or methamphetamine use in terms of relapse rates, psychopathology, functionality and quality of life, cognitive function, body mass and metabolic changes, and pre-treatment volumes. This sample consisted of 126 patients with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder and 100 healthy controls were similar in age, sex, and educational attainment. Each sub-study reported on in the present dissertation included a subset of the larger sample based upon the inclusion and exclusion criteria for each sub-study. First, regarding treatment response, we found little evidence for an effect of cannabis use on clinical improvement over 24 months in schizophrenia spectrum disorder patients. That being said, relapse events were more common in cannabis users compared to their non-using counterparts. Our findings point to an important role for non-adherence in previously reported poorer treatment outcomes in cannabis users, and a direct effect for cannabis in reducing the relapse threshold. Second, we found that methamphetamine use, but not cannabis use, was associated with poorer cognitive performance over the treatment period. Third, we found differential illness-specific associations with cannabis use and hippocampal subfield volumes, specifically subiculum volumes in cannabis using first-episode SSD patients. And lastly, compared to non-users, first-episode SSO patients who used cannabis gained less weight and showed less deterioration of lipid pones during the treatment period. Both cannabis and methamphetamine influence outcome over first two years of treatment in first-episode spectrum disorders. Some of our findings were contrary to our expectations have become foundation for future projects. In conclusion, our study highlights the benefits of the use of long-acting injectable antipsychotics for first-episode schizophrenia disorders, perhaps particularly in individuals who are currently using substances.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : Skisofrenie spektrumafwykings, wat skisofrenie, skisofrenievorm, en skiso-affektiewe afwykings insluit, is ernstige afwykings wat gekenmerk word deur 'n reeks simptome. Die simptome sluit psigose, apatie en onttrekking, gemoedsveranderings en kognitiewe inkorting in. Die siekte, verwys as skisofrenie-spektrumversteurings, begin dikwels tydens adolessensie of vroee of votwassenheid manifesteer. Dit kan lewenslank duur. Hierdie negatiewe impak wat reeds deur skisofrenie-spektrumversteurings verleen word, word verder deur die gebruik van dwelms vererger. Ten spyte van die hoe voorkoms van dwelmmisbruik in die skisofrenie-spektrumversteurings populasie in Suid Afrika is daar ‘n gebrek aan omvattende navorsing rakende hierdie risiko ppulasie. Dagga en tik is die mees gebruikte dwelms in die Wes-Kaap provinsie. Alhoewel daar literatuur die rol van die gebruik van dagga en tik in die konteks van skisofrenie bestaan, bly 'n aantal vrae nog onbeantwoord. Dit is nodig om hierdie vrae aan te spreek, veral in die Sud-Afrikaanse konteks, waar daar ‘n tekott aan voldoende hulpbronne is. Die primere doel van hierdie studie was om die impak van die gebruik van dagga en tik op die basislyn simptoom erns en breinstruktuur te ondersoek. Verder fokus die studie op die kliniese uitkomste gedurende 24 maande van behandeling met 'n langwerkende inspuitbare antipsigotiese medikasie by pasiente met skisofrenie-spektrumversteuring. Op grond van die aard van ons steekproef-groep, die onlangse ontwikkeling in die literatuur, die hoe streeksverbruik, en beskikbaarheid van goeie data, het ons spesifiek op gevolge van dagga en tik gefokus. Eerstens het ons veronderstel dat die gebruik van dagga verband jou met swakker psigopatologie-uitkomste en hoer terugvalsgetalle by pasiente met eerste-episode skisofrenie-spektrumversteuring vir wie die behandeling verseker word gebruik van langwerkende inspuitbare antipsigotiese medikasie (doelstelling I); dat dagga en tik onafhanklik, en dosis- en tydafhanklike effekte op kognitiewe funksionering by pasiente met eerste-episode-spektrumversteuring het (doelstelling II); dat die gebruik van dagga geassodieer word met die vermindering van hippokampus-onderafdelings volume in pasiente met eerste-episode skisofrenie spektrumversteuring in vergelyking met kontroles (doelstelling III); en dat pasiente met die eerste-episode van h skisofrenie-spektrumafwyking wat terselfdertyd dagga gebruik, ‘n groter risiko vir die verandering van metatdiese sindroom binne die eerste jaar van die loop (doelstelling IV). Wat die keuse van breinstruktuurstreke betref, het ons die hippocampus-onderafdelings gekies. Die keuse is op die ontwikkeling van sagteware om die onderafdelings akkuraat te meet, tesame met opkomende literatuur oor die relevansie van hippokampus in dwelmmisbruik gebasseer. Hierdie projek het spesifiek die verskille tussen pasiente met die eerste-episode skisofrenie spektrumversteuring met en sonder dagga en/of tik gebruik in terme van terugvalstempo, psigopatoIogie, funksionaliteit en lewensgehalte, kognitiewe funksie, liggaamsmassa en metabdiese veranderinge en hippokampus volumes by basistyn assesering ondersoek. Die streekproef het uit 126 pasiente met skisofrenie-spektrumversteuring en 100 gesonde kontrolegroep wat soortgelyk was in terme van ouderdom, geslag en opvoedkundige prestasie bestaan. Elke substudie waaroor daar in die huidige proefskrif verslag gelewer word, bevat 'n deelversameling van die groter steekproef op grand van die insluiting- en uitsluitingskriteria wat vir elke substudie gespesifiseer is. Eerstens, met betrekking tot die reaksie op die behandeling, het ons min bewyse vir die effek van die gebruik van dagga op kliniese verbetering gedurende 24 maande by pasiente met eerste-episode skisofrenie gevind. Dit gesê, terugvalgebeurtenisse was meer gereeld by daggagebruikers in vergelyking met hul ewekniee wat nie dagga gebruik nie. Ons bevindnge dui op 'n belangrike rol vir nie-gebruik van antisigootiese medikasie in voorheen gerapporteerde swakker behandelingsuitkomste by daggagebruikers en 'n direkte effek vir dagga om die terugvaldrempel te verminder in skisofrenie-spektrumversteuring. Tweedens het ons gevind dat tikgebruik, maar nie daggagebruik nie, met 'n swakker kognitiewe prestasie gedurende die behandelingsperiode geassosieer word. Derdens het ons differensiele siektespesifieke assosiasies met die gebruik van dagga en hippocampus-onderafdelings volumes gevind. Daar was spesifiek verhoogte subikulum volumes in eerste-episode pasiente wat terselfdertyd dagga gebruik het. Laastens, in vergelyking met nie-gebrukers, het pasiente met eerste episodes wat dagga gebruik minder gewig opgetel en minder verswakking van lipiedprofiele gedurende die behandelingsperiode getoon. Beide dagga en tik beinvloed die uitkoms gedurende die eerste twee jaar van behandeling by eerste-episode skisofrenie-spektrumafwykings. Sommige van ons bevindinge was die teenoorgestelde van ons verwagtinge en dit het die basis vir toekomstige projekte geword. Ter afsluiting beklemtoon ons studie die voordele van die gebruik van langwerkende inspuitbare antipsigotika vir eerste-episode skisofrenie-spektrumafwykings, miskien veral by individue wat tans dwelmmiddels gebruik.
Description
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2021.
Keywords
Schizophrenics -- Substance use, Marijuana abuse -- Risk factors, Methamphetamine abuse -- Risk factors, UCTD
Citation