Unsettling segregation: the representation of urbanisation in black artists’ work from the 1920s to the 1990s

Date
2020-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this study I explore artistic representations of urbanisation produced by black South African artists throughout the twentieth century. Successive colonial and apartheid governments denied black people full rights to the city through, amongst other strategies, the systematic creation of black urbanisms or ‘black cities’. Commonly known as townships, ‘black cities’ were built to house reservoirs of black labour beyond the major cities and industrial hubs. This forced separation resulted in selective and ambiguous integration for the urbanised black populace. The influx of black people into the peri-urban sphere led to an unprecedented proliferation of artists recording the black experience of living and working in segregated urbanisms. Regrettably, much of the discourses on urbanisation produced by white scholars constructed black urbanisation specifically as a ‘problem’,and the diverse artistic annals showcasing urban black life were classified as ‘Township Art’, a category that could not fully capture the multi-dimensional, complex,and layered experiences of the urban black. A Social-Darwinist teleology that rural-based African traditions necessarily had to make way for urban-based western modernity informed the way black artists’ works were interpreted. Contesting these discoures,I use Afropolitanism, and the associated notions of multi-locality and New Africanism, to reframe depictions of twentieth-century urbanisation by black artists in order to redress the sweeping and essentialising binaries that characterised white writing on the phenomenon. Through a thick description of the major forces that shaped urban black life, I use the redeeming qualities of Afropolitanism to arrive at alternate interpretations of the artistic representations of black urbanisation created by black artists, which ultimately unsettle the rural-urban and tradition-modernity dichotomies.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek swart Suid-Afrikaanse kunstenaars se uitbeeldings van verstedeliking in die loop van die twintigste eeu. Opeenvolgende koloniale en apartheids administrasies het swartmense toegang tot die stad ontken, onder andere deur die sistematiese vestiging van ‘swart stede’. Hierdie swart stede, algemeen bekend as ‘townships’, is gevestig om swart werkers buite die groot stede en industriële spilpunte te huisves, wat gelei het tot ’n dubbelsinnige en selektiewe integrasie vir die stedelike swart bevolking. Die instroming van mense na die stedelike sfeer het gelei tot ’n ongekende groei in kunstenaars wat die swart lewenservaring van apartheid-era stedelikheid ondersoek het in hulle werk. Wit skrywers het swart verstedeliking as ’n ‘probleem’ benader en die etiket ‘Township Kuns’ geskep om die verskynsel van stedelike swart kuns te beskryf, maar dié kategorie vang nie die kompleksiteit en veelvoudigheid van die swart stedelike ervaring volledig vas nie. Sosiale Darwinisme het ’n groot invloed uitgeoefen op interpretasies van swart kunstenaars se werk en gelei tot interpretasies van swart kuns wat gebaseer was op die teleologiese begrip dat landelike Afrika-tradisies noodwendig moes plek maak vir Westerse moderniteit. In hierdie studie pas ek egter die konsep van Afropolitanisme en gepaardgaande begrippe van multi-lokaliteit en Nuwe-Afrikaniteit toe om kunstenaars se ervaring van swart 20ste-eeuse verstedeliking vas te vang, en sodoende wit veralgemenings en essensialistiese binêre interpretasies aan te spreek. Deur middel van ’n ‘digte beskrywing’ van die kernfaktore wat swart stedelike lewens beïnvloed het, gebruik ek die verlossende potensiaal van Afropolitanisme om ’n alternatiewe interpretasie van swart uitbeeldings van stedelike ervaring voor te lê, en sodoende die problematiese diskursiewe polarisasie van tradisie/moderniteit en platteland/stad aan te spreek.
Description
Thesis (DPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2021.
Keywords
Pan-Africanism, Eclecticism in art, Arts, South African, Arts, Black -- South Africa -- 20th century, Artists -- Black -- South Africa -- 20th century, Art, Modern -- 20th century -- Political aspects -- South Africa, Black artists -- Urbanization -- South Africa, Apartheid -- South Africa, UCTD
Citation