Foot morphology of urban and rural South African children and adolescents

Date
2020-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Ill-fitting shoes could negatively impact the development of the pediatric foot, in a very direct manner. This could eventually lead to foot problems and pathologies, both during childhood and adulthood. A substantial number of children and adolescents in South Africa were reported to be habitually barefoot. Additionally, vast differences have been documented between the foot morphology of South African children and adolescents and their German counterparts. Regardless of these findings, shoe companies are still developing shoes on a universal constant. The information acquired of differences in foot morphology in this study could be used to develop well-fitting shoes and contribute to the unimpeded development of children’s feet. The first aim of the study was to investigate the foot morphology of South African children and adolescents in both rural and urban areas of the Western Cape. The second aim was to compare the possible differences between the acquired foot measurements of children and adolescents and that of new school shoe sizes, currently available in the South African retail market. A cross-sectional, observational, descriptive study design was used to determine the static standing and sitting foot measurements of children and adolescents from both urban and rural schools. The feet of children and adolescents between the ages of six and sixteen years were measured on a once-off basis. Newly manufactured school shoes were then measured and compared to the foot measurements of the children. The testing equipment used included a specially constructed foot caliper and a sliding caliper. A mixed model ANOVA was used to compare foot dimensions between gender, age and right- or left-side of the participants. A total of seven-hundred-and-thirty-one school children (N=731) participated in the study. Children and adolescents from urban (N=393) and rural areas (N=338) were measured. The results indicated that the rural children and adolescents had a statistically higher sitting static arch height index (p=0.001), than the urban children. There were no statistically significant differences in the standing foot length (FL), standing foot width (FW) and standing static arch height index (sAHI) between the feet of children and adolescents from rural and urban areas. most pronounced difference observed in this study resulted from comparing the foot measurements of the participants in the study to the shoe dimensions currently available in the South African retail market. Fifty-nine percent (59%) of the children wore shoes that were not the correct length. Regarding shoe width, ninety-eight percent (98%) of the participants wore shoes too narrow for their feet. The results of this study emphasized the fact that in many cases, school shoes currently available in the retail market are not adequately suited for the habitually barefoot population studied. Geographical location did not play a role in the foot development and foot morphology of the children and adolescents who participated in the current study. It appears as if factors such as footwear habits and ethnicity could be investigated. It is recommended that the shoe manufacturing industry consider the shoe width of school shoes for South African children and adolescents, to avoid the long-term adverse effects of ill-fitting shoes on the pediatric foot, specifically in the case of habitually barefoot populations.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Swakpassende skoene kan die ontwikkeling van 'n groeiende voet negatief, en ook direk, beinvloed. Dit kan uiteindelik lei tot 'n verandering in die voet se morfologie en biomeganiese gedrag, en kan voetprobleme en -patologiee gedurende die kinderjare veroorsaak, sowel as in volwassenheid. Dit is aangetoon dat ’n wesenlike aantal Suid-Afrikaanse kinders gewoonlik kaalvoet loop. Groot verskille in voetmorfologie is ook aangeteken tussen Suid-Afrikaanse kinders en adolessente en hulle Duitse eweknieë. Ten spyte van hierdie bevindings word universele mates steeds deur skoenmaatskappye gebruik. Hierdie studie kan bydra tot kennis oor verskille in voetmorfologie, en die inligting gebruik word om skoene te ontwerp wat goed pas en sodoende 'n bydrae lewer tot die ongehinderde ontwikkeling van kindervoete. Die eerste doelstelling van die studie was om die voetmorfologie van Suid-Afrikaanse kinders en adolessente in plattelandse gebiede in die Wes-Kaap met dié van hul ewekniee uit die stad te vergelyk. Die tweede doelstelling was om moontlike verskille tussen die voetmates van kinders en adolessente wat verkry is, te vergelyk met die nuwe skoengroottes wat tans in winkels in Suid-Afrika beskikbaar is. ’n Dwarssnit-, waarnemende en beskrywende navorsingsontwerp is gebruik om die statiese staande en sittende voetmates van kinders en adolessente uit plattelandse en stadskole te bepaal. Die voete van kinders en adolessente tussen die ouderdomme van ses en sestien jaar is eenmalig gemeet. Daarna is nuutvervaardigde skoolskoene gemeet en met die voetmates van die kinders vergelyk. Die toetsapparaat het ’n spesiaal ontwerpte voetkaliper en glypasser ingesluit. ’n Gemengde model ANOVA is gebruik om die voetdimensies tussen geslagte, ouderdom en regter- of linkerkant van die deelnemers te vergelyk. n Totaal van sewehonderd-een-en-dertig skoolkinders (N=731) het aan die studie deelgeneem. Die kinders en adolessente was afkomstig uit skole in die stad (N=393) en plattelandse gebiede (N=338). Die kinders en adolessente uit die platteland het ’n betekenisvolle, hoër gemiddelde sittende, statiese voetbrughoogte gehad (p=0.001), in vergelyking met die kinders en adolossente uit die stad. Daar was geen betekenisvolle verskille t.o.v. staande voetlengte, staande voetbreedte en staande statiese voetbrughoogte tussen die twee groepe nie. Die belangrikste resultaat van die studie was die verskil tussen die voetgrootte van die deelnemers en die grootte van die skoolskoene wat tans in winkels in Suid-Afrika beskikbaar is. Nege-en-vyftig persent (59%) van die kinders dra skoene in lengte, wat nie goed pas nie. Agt-en-negentig persent (98%) van die deelnemers dra skoene wat te nou is vir hulle voete. Die resultate van die huidige studie beklemtoon dat in baie gevalle skoolskoene wat tans in die winkels in Suid-Afrika beskikbaar is, nie geskik is vir ’n populasie wat gewoonlik kaalvoet loop nie. Geografiese ligging het nie ’n rol gespeel in die voetontwikkeling en -morfologie van die kinders en adolessente in die huidige studie nie. Dit wil voorkom asof faktore soos skoendra-gewoontes en etniese verskille ondersoek sou kon word. Dit word aanbeveel dat die skoenvervaardigingsindustrie aandag gee aan die breedte van die skoolskoene wat tans deur kinders en adolessente in Suid-Afrika gedra word, ten einde die langtermyn negatiewe invloed daarvan op die ontwikkeling van die voet, en spesifiek van die kaalvoetkind, te vermy.
Description
Thesis (M Sport Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2020.
Keywords
Foot -- Morphology, Pediatric orthopedics, Youth -- South Africa -- Western Cape, Rural schools -- South Africa -- Western Cape, Urban schools -- South Africa -- Western Cape, Barefoot populations, Biomechanics, School shoes -- Fitting, School shoes -- Industry, School shoes -- Sizes, Foot -- Mechanical properties, UCTD
Citation