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The influence of second-hand cigarette smoke exposure during childhood and active cigarette smoking on crohn’s disease phenotype defined by the montreal classification scheme in a Western Cape population, South Africa

Chivese, Tawanda; Esterhuizen, Tonya M.; Basson, Abigail Raffner (Public Library of Science, 2015-09)

Background: Smoking may worsen the disease outcomes in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD), however the effect of exposure to second-hand cigarette smoke during childhood is unclear. In South Africa, no such literature ...