SUNScholar - Browsing by Author "Seedat, Soraya, 1966-"

Browsing by Author "Seedat, Soraya, 1966-"

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10Kin1day : a bottom-up neuroimaging initiative
(Frontiers Media, 2019) Van den Heuvel, Martijn P.; Scholtens, Lianne H.; Van der Burgh, Hannelore K.; Agosta, Federica; Alloza, Clara; Arango, Celso; Auyeung, Bonnie; Baron-Cohen, Simon; Basaia, Silvia; Benders, Manon J. N. L.; Beyer, Frauke; Booij, Linda; Braun, Kees P. J.; Filho, Geraldo Busatto; Cahn, Wiepke; Cannon, Dara M.; Chaim-Avancini, Tiffany M.; Chan, Sandra S. M.; Chen, Eric Y. H.; Crespo-Facorro, Benedicto; Crone, Eveline A.; Dannlowski, Udo; De Zwarte, Sonja M. C.; Dietsche, Bruno; Donohoe, Gary; Du Plessis, Stefan; Durston, Sarah; Diaz-Caneja, Covadonga M.; Díaz-Zuluaga, Ana M.; Emsley, Robin; Filippi, Massimo; Frodl, Thomas; Gorges, Martin; Graff, Beata; Grotegerd, Dominik; Gąsecki, Dariusz; Hall, Julie M.; Holleran, Laurena; Holt, Rosemary; Hopman, Helene J.; Jansen, Andreas; Janssen, Joost; Jodzio, Krzysztof; Jancke, Lutz; Kaleda, Vasiliy G.; Kassubek, Jan; Masouleh, Shahrzad Kharabian; Kircher, Tilo; Koevoets, Martijn G. J. C.; Kostic, Vladimir S.; Krug, Axel; Lawrie, Stephen M.; Lebedeva, Irina S.; Lee, Edwin H. M.; Lett, Tristram A.; Lewis, Simon J. G.; Liem, Franziskus; Lombardo, Michael V.; Lopez-Jaramillo, Carlos; Margulies, Daniel S.; Markett, Sebastian; Marques, Paulo; Martinez-Zalacaín, Ignacio; McDonald, Colm; McIntosh, Andrew M.; McPhilemy, Genevieve; Meinert, Susanne L.; Menchon, Jose M.; Montag, Christian; Moreira, Pedro S.; Morgado, Pedro; Mothersill, David O.; Merillat, Susan; Muller, Hans-Peter; Nabulsi, Leila; Najt, Pablo; Narkiewicz, Krzysztof; Naumczyk, Patrycja; Oranje, Bob; De la Foz, Victor Ortiz-Garcia; Peper, Jiska S.; Pineda, Julian A.; Rasser, Paul E.; Redlich, Ronny; Repple, Jonathan; Reuter, Martin; Rosa, Pedro G. P.; Ruigrok, Amber N. V.; Sabisz, Agnieszka; Schall, Ulrich; Seedat, Soraya, 1966-; Serpa, Mauricio H.; Skouras, Stavros; Soriano-Mas, Carles; Sousa, Nuno; Szurowska, Edyta; Tomyshev, Alexander S.; Tordesillas-Gutierrez, Diana; Valk, Sofie L.; Van den Berg, Leonard H.; Van Erp, Theo G. M.; Van Haren, Neeltje E. M.; Van Leeuwen, Judith M. C.; Villringer, Arno; Vinkers, Christiaan H.; Vollmar, Christian; Waller, Lea; Walter, Henrik; Villringer, Arno; Vinkers, Christiaan H.; Vollmar, Christian; Waller, Lea; Walter, Henrik; Whalley, Heather C.; Witkowska, Marta; Witte, A. Veronica; Zanetti, Marcus V.; Zhang, Rui; De Lange, Siemon C.
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a well-known neurodegenerative disease with a strong association established with systemic inflammation. Recently, the role of the gingipain protease group from Porphyromonas gingivalis was implicated in Alzheimer’s disease and here we present evidence, using a fluorescent antibody to detect gingipain R1 (RgpA), of its presence in a PD population. To further elucidate the action of this gingipain, as well as the action of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from P. gingivalis, low concentrations of recombinant RgpA and LPS were added to purified fluorescent fibrinogen. We also substantiate previous findings regarding PD by emphasizing the presence of systemic inflammation via multiplex cytokine analysis, and demonstrate hypercoagulation using thromboelastography (TEG), confocal and electron microscopy. Biomarker analysis confirmed significantly increased levels of circulating proinflammatory cytokines. In our PD and control blood analysis, our results show increased hypercoagulation, the presence of amyloid formation in plasma, and profound ultrastructural changes to platelets. Our laboratory analysis of purified fibrinogen with added RgpA, and/or LPS, showed preliminary data with regards to the actions of the protease and the bacterial membrane inflammagen on plasma proteins, to better understand the nature of established PD.
The 5-HTTLPR-rs25531 S-A-S-A haplotype and chronic stress moderate the association between acute stress and internalizing mental disorders among HIV+ children and adolescents in Uganda
(Frontiers, 2021-04-23) Kalungi, Allan; Womersley, Jacqueline S.; Kinyanda, Eugene; Joloba, Moses L.; Ssembajjwe, Wilber; Nsubuga, Rebecca N.; Seedat, Soraya, 1966-; Hemmings, Sian M.
Background: Internalizing mental disorders (IMDs) among HIV-positive (HIV+) children and adolescents are associated with poor disease outcomes, such as faster HIV disease progression. Although it has been suggested that the development of IMDs is moderated by interaction of stressful life events and vulnerability factors, the underlying etiology is largely unknown. Serotonin transporter gene [solute carrier family 6 member A4 (SLC6A4)] and human tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene (TPH2) polymorphisms have been implicated in the development of IMDs. This study investigated the association between acute stress and IMDs, and moderation by chronic stress and genetic variants in SLC6A4 and TPH2. Hypothesis: Acute stress acts through genetic and environmental vulnerability factors to increase the risk of developing IMDs. Methods: Polymorphisms in SLC6A4 (5-HTTLPR, rs25531, 5-HTTLPR-rs25531, and STin2 VNTR) and TPH2 (rs1843809, rs1386494, rs4570625, and rs34517220) were genotyped in 368 HIV+ children and adolescents (aged 5–17 years) with any internalizing mental disorder (depression, anxiety disorders, or posttraumatic stress disorder), and 368 age- and sex-matched controls, who were also HIV+. Chronic and acute stress categories were derived by hierarchical cluster analysis. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the independent moderating effect of chronic stress and each selected polymorphism on the association between acute stress and IMDs. Results: We observed a statistically significant association between severe acute stress and IMDs (p = 0.001). Children and adolescents who experienced severe acute stress were twice as likely to develop IMDs, compared to children and adolescents who experienced mild acute stress (p = 0.001). Chronic stress interacted with severe acute stress to increase the risk of IMDs (p = 0.033). Acute stress was found to interact with 5-HTTLPR-rs25531 S-A-S-A haplotype to increase the risk for IMDs among Ugandan HIV+ children and adolescents (p = 0.049). We found no evidence for a combined interaction of acute stress, chronic stress, and 5-HTTLPR-rs25531 on IMDs. Conclusion: The odds of having an internalizing mental disorder (IMD) were higher among HIV+ children and adolescents who experienced severe acute stress compared to HIV+ children and adolescents who experienced mild acute stress. Chronic stress and 5-HTTLPR-rs25531 independently moderated the association between acute stress and IMDs.
Becoming a Xhosa traditional healer : the calling, illness, conflict and belonging
(AOSIS, 2021-03) Van der Watt, Alberta S. J.; Biederman, Sarah V.; Abdulmalik, Jibril O.; Mbanga, Irene; Das-Brailsford, Pricilla; Seedat, Soraya, 1966-
Background: Traditional healers (THs) are an important part of the healthcare system in sub-Saharan Africa. Understanding their training, experiences of becoming healers and their perceived roles in society is critical. Aim: This study aimed to explore the experience of becoming a TH, including accepting the calling, and sheds light on how the experience is conceptualised within the cultural and communitarian context of THs. Setting: This study was conducted amongst Xhosa THs in the Western Cape, South Africa. Methods: In-depth phenomenological interviews (n = 4) were conducted with Xhosa THs and analysed using Giorgi’s descriptive pre-transcendental Husserlian phenomenological analysis. Results: The experience of becoming a TH can be summarised in the context of three units of significance: (1) the gift of healing as an illness; (2) the experience of conflict (including with their families, the church and self-conflict); and (3) the experience of belonging. Familial conflict, specifically, was fuelled by the financial burden of becoming a TH and a lack of understanding of the process. Conclusion: To develop a workable model of collaboration in the future, it is crucial that mental healthcare providers develop a better understanding of the experiences of THs in becoming care providers. The findings highlight an appreciation of the challenging process of becoming a TH. Finally, further research and culturally appropriate psychoeducation can provide trainee THs and their family members with the skills and knowledge to support each other through a difficult process.
Distant mood monitoring for depressive and bipolar disorders : a systematic review
(BMC (part of Springer Nature), 2020-07-22) Van der Watt, Alberta S. J.; Odendaal, W.; Louw, K.; Seedat, Soraya, 1966-
Background: Broadening our knowledge of the longitudinal course of mood symptoms is cardinal to providing effective long-term treatments. Research indicates that patients with mental illness are willing to engage in the use of telemonitoring and mobile technology to assess and monitor their mood states. However, without the provision of distant support, adverse outcomes and events may be difficult to prevent and manage through self-monitoring. Understanding patient perspectives is important to achieving the best balance of self-monitoring, patient empowerment, and distant supporter involvement. Methods: This systematic review synthesises quantitative and qualitative evidence of the effectiveness and feasibility of daily/weekly/monthly remote mood monitoring that includes distant support in participants with mood disorders. Inclusion criteria comprised mood monitoring of mood disorder patients as main intervention, study design, method of monitoring, and presence of psychotherapy and psychoeducation. Effectiveness was defined by the change in depression and/or mania scores. Feasibility was determined on participant feedback and completion/attrition rates. Studies were assessed for quality using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool version 2018. Results: Nine studies of acceptable quality met the inclusion criteria. Distant mood monitoring was effective in improving depression scores but not mania scores. Feasibility, as measured through compliance and completion rates and participant feedback, varied. Conclusion: Distant mood monitoring with support may be a useful, acceptable, and feasible intervention for diverse groups of patients in terms of age and ethnicity. Further, it may be effective in improving symptoms of depression, increasing treatment adherence, and facilitating the prevention and management of adverse outcomes. As a task-shifting intervention, distant mood monitoring may help to alleviate the burden on mental health providers in developing countries.
Effects of cannabidiol on vacuous chewing movements, plasma glucose and oxidative stress indices in rats administered high dose risperidone
(Springer Nature, 2022-11-16) Kajero, Jaiyeola Abiola; Seedat, Soraya, 1966-; Ohaeri, Jude; Akindele, Abidemi; Aina, Oluwagbemiga
Atypical antipsychotics, despite their rapid dissociation from dopamine receptors and reduced tendency to induce oxidative stress, have been associated with difficult-to-manage movement disorders, including tardive dyskinesia (TD). The study set out to investigate the effects of cannabidiol (CBD), a potent antioxidant, on risperidone-induced behavioural and motor disturbances; namely vacuous chewing movements (VCM), and oxidative stress markers (e.g. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric oxide (NO), and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl)). Oral risperidone (10 mg/kg) or oral CBD (5 mg/kg) were administered to six experimental groups. While risperidone alone was administered for 28 days, CBD concomitantly or in sequential order with risperidone, was administered for 28 days; and CBD alone was administered for 21 days. Behavioural, motor, and specific biochemical parameters, which included VCM, muscle tone, fasting blood sugar (FBS), and oxidative stress markers were assessed at different time points after the last dose of medication. Oral CBD (5 mg/kg) significantly reduced risperidone-induced elevated FBS when given after the administration of risperidone. Oral CBD also had effects on VCM when administered before risperidone and similarly, attenuated risperidone-induced increased muscle tone. It was also established that concomitant or sequential administration of CBD and risperidone did not have any adverse effects on cognition or locomotion. Both CBD and risperidone increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and decreased the activity of pro-oxidant enzymes. This study suggests CBD could mitigate metabolic dysregulation and extrapyramidal side effects associated with risperidone without producing cognitive impairments.
Factors affecting specialist psychiatry training in South Africa : bullying during specialist psychiatric training?
(2021) Beath, Natalie; Moxley, Karis; Subramaney, Ugasvaree; Zingela, Zukiswa; Chiliza, Bonginkosi; Joska, John; Kotzé, Carla; Seedat, Soraya, 1966-
As many of us served as members of the Council of Psychiatrists, Colleges of Medicine of South Africa, for the triennium 2017 - 2020, we were keen to understand how workplace experiences and supervision could affect training and examination outcomes in South African (SA) centres. We conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive study of registrar trainees in psychiatry at the University of the Witwatersrand, the University of Cape Town, the University of KwaZulu-Natal, the University of Pretoria, the University of the Free State, Stellenbosch University, the University of Limpopo, and Walter Sisulu University between 1 June and 30 November 2019. We made use of an online survey that included questions on bullying/discrimination. All questions were closed-ended.
Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990–2016 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
(Elsevier, 2019-05-01) Feigin, Valery L.; Nichols, Emma; Alam, Tahiya; Bannick, Marlena S.; Beghi, Ettore; Blake, Natacha; Culpepper, William J.; Dorsey, E. Ray; Elbaz, Alexis; Ellenbogen, Richard G.; Fisher, James L.; Fitzmaurice, Christina; Giussani, Giorgia; Glennie, Linda; James, Spencer L.; Johnson, Catherine Owens; Kassebaum, Nicholas J.; Logroscino, Giancarlo; Marin, Benoit; Mountjoy-Venning, W. Cliff; Nguyen, Minh; Ofori-Asenso, Richard; Patel, Anoop P.; Piccininni, Marco; Roth, Gregory A.; Steiner, Timothy J.; Stovner, Lars Jacob; Szoeke, Cassandra E. I.; Theadom, Alice; Vollset, Stein Emil; Wallin, Mitchell Taylor; Wright, Claire; Zunt, Joseph Raymond; Abbasi, Nooshin; Abd-Allah, Foad; Abdelalim, Ahmed; Abdollahpour, Ibrahim; Aboyans, Victor; Abraha, Haftom Niguse; Acharya, Dilaram; Adamu, Abdu A.; Adebayo, Oladimeji M.; Adeoye, Abiodun Moshood; Adsuar, Jose C.; Afarideh, Mohsen; Agrawal, Sutapa; Ahmadi, Alireza; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir; Aichour, Amani Nidhal; Aichour, Ibtihel; Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine; Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola; Akseer, Nadia; Al-Eyadhy, Ayman; Al-Shahi salman, Rustam; Alahdab, Fares; Alene, Kefyalew Addis; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Altirkawi, Khalid; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Anber, Nahla Hamed; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.; Arabloo, Jalal; Aremu, Olatunde; Arnlov, Johan; Asayesh, Hamid; Asghar, Rana Jawad; Atalay, Hagos Tasew; Awasthi, Ashish; Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina; Ayuk, Tambe B.; Badawi, Alaa; Banach, Maciej; Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar; Barboza, Miguel A.; Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn; Barnighausen, Till Winfried; Baune, Bernhard T.; Bedi, Neeraj; Behzadifar, Masoud; Behzadifar, Meysam; Bejot, Yannick; Bekele, Bayu Begashaw; Belachew, Abate Bekele; Bennett, Derrick A.; Bensenor, Isabela M.; Berhane, Adugnaw; Beuran, Mircea; Bhattacharyya, Krittika; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Biadgo, Belete; Bijani, Ali; Bililign, Nigus; Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat; Blazes, Christopher Kynrint; Brayne, Carol; Butt, Zahid A.; Campos-Nonato, Ismael R.; Cantu-Brito, Carlos; Car, Mate; Cardenas, Rosario; Carrero, Juan J.; Carvalho, Felix; Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A.; Castro, Franz; Catala-Lopez, Ferran; Cerin, Ester; Chaiah, Yazan; Chang, Jung-Chen; Chatziralli, Irini; Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia; Christensen, Hanne; Christopher, Devasahayam J.; Cooper, Cyrus; Cortesi, Paolo Angelo; Costa, Vera M.; Criqui, Michael H.; Crowe, Christopher Stephen; Damasceno, Albertino Antonio Moura; Daryani, Ahmad; De la Cruz-Góngora, Vanessa; De La Hoz, Fernando Pio; De Leo, Diego; Degefa, Meaza Girma; Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam; Deribe, Kebede; Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda; Diaz, Daniel; Dinberu, Mesfin Tadese; Djalalinia, Shirin; Doku, David Teye; Dubey, Manisha; Dubljanin, Eleonora; Duken, Eyasu Ejeta; Edvardsson, David; El-Khatib, Ziad; Endres, Matthias; Endries, Aman Yesuf; Eskandarieh, Sharareh; Esteghamati, Alireza; Esteghamati, Sadaf; Farhadi, Farzaneh; Faro, Andre; Farzadfar, Farshad; Farzaei, Mohammad Hosein; Fatima, Batool; Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad; Fernandes, Eduarda; Feyissa, Garumma Tolu; Filip, Irina; Fischer, Florian; Fukumoto, Takeshi; Ganji, Morsaleh; Gankpe, Fortune Gbetoho; Garcia-Gordillo, Miguel A,; Gebre, Abadi Kahsu; Gebremichael, Teklu Gebrehiwo; Gelaw, Belayneh K,; Geleijnse, Johanna M.; Geremew, Demeke; Gezae, Kebede Embaye; Ghasemi-Kasman, Maryam; Gidey, Mahari Y.; Gill, Paramjit Singh; Gill, Tiffany K.; Gnedovskaya, Elena V.; Goulart, Alessandra C.; Grada, Ayman; Grosso, Giuseppe; Guo, Yuming; Gupta, Rajeev; Haagsma, Juanita A.; Hagos, Tekleberhan B.; Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin; Haj-Mirzaian, Arya; Hamadeh, Randah R.; Hamidi, Samer; Hankey, Graeme J.; Hao, Yuantao; Haro, Josep Maria; Hassankhani, Hadi; Hassen, Hamid Yimam; Havmoeller, Rasmus; Hay, Simon I.; Hegazy, Mohamed I.; Heidari, Behnam; Henok, Andualem; Heydarpour, Fatemeh; Hoang, Chi Linh; Hole, Michael K.; Homaie Rad, Enayatollah; Hosseini, Seyed Mostafa; Hu, Guoqing; Igumbor, Ehimario U.; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo; Javanbakht, Mehdi; Jha, Ravi Prakash; Jobanputra, Yash B.; Jonas, Jost B.; Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy; Jurisson, Mikk; Kahsay, Amaha; Kalani, Rizwan; Kalkonde, Yogeshwar; Kamil, Teshome Abegaz; Kanchan, Tanuj; Karami, Manoochehr; Karch, Andre; Karimi, Narges; Kasaeian, Amir; Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale; Kassa, Zemenu Yohannes; Kaul, Anil; Kefale, Adane Teshome; Keiyoro, Peter Njenga; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif; Khalil, Ibrahim A.; Khan, Ejaz Ahmad; Khang, Young-Ho; Khazaie, Habibolah; Kiadaliri, Aliasghar A.; Kiirithio, Daniel N.; Kim, Anthony S.; Kim, Daniel; Kim, Young-Eun; Kim, Yun Jin; Kisa, Adnan; Kokubo, Yoshihiro; Koyanagi, Ai; Krishnamurthi, Rita V.; Kuate Defo, Barthelemy; Kucuk Bicer, Burcu; Kumar, Manasi; Lacey, Ben; Lafranconi, Alessandra; Lansingh, Van C.; Latifi, Arman; Leshargie, Cheru Tesema; Li, Shanshan; Liao, Yu; Linn, Shai; Lo, Warren David; Lopez, Jaifred Christian F.; Lorkowski, Stefan; Lotufo, Paulo A.; Lucas, Robyn M.; Lunevicius, Raimundas; Mackay, Mark T.; Mahotra, Narayan Bahadur; Majdan, Marek; Majdzadeh, Reza; Majeed, Azeem; Malekzadeh, Reza; Malta, Deborah Carvalho; Manafi, Navid; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni; Marz, Winfried; Mashamba-Thompson, Tivani Phosa; Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard; Mate, Kedar K. V.; McAlinden, Colm; McGrath, John J.; Mehta, Varshil; Meier, Toni; Meles, Hagazi Gebre; Melese, Addisu; Memiah, Peter T. N.; Memish, Ziad A.; Mendoza, Walter; Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese; Mengistu, Getnet; Meretoja, Atte; Meretoja, Tuomo J.; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Miazgowski, Bartosz; Miazgowski, Tomasz; Miller, Ted R.; Mini, G. K.; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M.; Moazen, Babak; Mohajer, Bahram; Mezerji, Naser Mohammad Gholi; Mohammadi, Moslem; Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani, Maryam; Mohammadibakhsh, Roghayeh; Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, Mousa; Mohammed, Shafiu; Mohebi, Farnam; Mokdad, Ali H.; Monasta, Lorenzo; Mondello, Stefania; Moodley, Yoshan; Moosazadeh, Mahmood; Moradi, Ghobad; Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar; Moradinazar, Mehdi; Moraga, Paula; Moreno Velasquez, Ilais; Morrison, Shane Douglas; Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam; Muhammed, Oumer Sada; Muruet, Walter; Musa, Kamarul Imran; Mustafa, Ghulam; Naderi, Mehdi; Nagel, Gabriele; Naheed, Aliya; Naik, Gurudatta; Najafi, Farid; Nangia, Vinay; Negoi, Ionut; Negoi, Ruxandra Irina; Newton, Charles Richard James; Ngunjiri, Josephine W.; Nguyen, Cuong Tat; Nguyen, Long Hoang; Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini; Nirayo, Yirga Legesse; Nixon, Molly R.; Norrving, Bo; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Nourollahpour Shiadeh, Malihe; Nyasulu, Peter S.; Ogbo, Felix Akpojene; Oh, In-Hwan; Olagunju, Andrew T.; Olagunju, Tinuke O.; Olivares, Pedro R.; Onwujekwe, Obinna E.; Oren, Eyal; Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo; P A, Mahesh; Pakpour, Amir H.; Pan, Wen-Harn; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra; Pandian, Jeyaraj Durai; Patel, Sangram Kishor; Pereira, David M.; Petzold, Max; Pillay, Julian David; Piradov, Michael A.; Polanczyk, Guilherme V.; Polinder, Suzanne; Postma, Maarten J.; Poulton, Richie; Poustchi, Hossein; Prakash, Swayam; Prakash, V.; Qorbani, Mostafa; Radfar, Amir; Rafay, Anwar; Rafiei, Alireza; Rahim, Fakher; Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa; Rahman, Mahfuzar; Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Rajati, Fatemeh; Ram, Usha; Ranta, Anna; Rawaf, David Laith; Rawaf, Salman; Reinig, Nickolas; Reis, Cesar; Renzaho, Andre M. N.; Resnikoff, Serge; Rezaeian, Shahab; Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh; Rios Gonzalez, Carlos Miguel; Roberts, Nicholas L. S.; Roever, Leonardo; Ronfani, Luca; Roro, Elias Merdassa; Roshandel, Gholamreza; Rostami, Ali; Sabbagh, Parisa; Sacco, Ralph L.; Sachdev, Perminder S.; Saddik, Basema; Safari, Hosein; Safari-Faramani, Roya; Safi, Sare; Safiri, Saeid; Sagar, Rajesh; Sahathevan, Ramesh; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Sahraian, Mohammad Ali; Salamati, Payman; Salehi Zahabi, Saleh; Salimi, Yahya; Samy, Abdallah M.; Sanabria, Juan; Santos, Itamar S.; Santric Milicevic, Milena M.; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal; Sartorius, Benn; Sarvi, Shahabeddin; Sathian, Brijesh; Satpathy, Maheswar; Sawant, Arundhati R.; Sawhney, Monika; Schneider, Ione J. C.; Schottker, Ben; Schwebel, David C.; Seedat, Soraya, 1966-; Sepanlou, Sadaf G.; Shabaninejad, Hosein; Shafieesabet, Azadeh; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Shakir, Raad A.; Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran; Shamsizadeh, Morteza; Sharif, Mehdi; Sharif-Alhoseini, Mahdi; She, Jun; Sheikh, Aziz; Sheth, Kevin N.; Shigematsu, Mika; Shiri, Rahman; Shirkoohi, Reza; Shiue, Ivy; Siabani, Soraya; Siddiqi, Tariq J.; Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora; Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig; Silberberg, Donald H.; Silva, Joao Pedro; Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves; Singh, Jasvinder A.; Sinha, Dhirendra Narain; Skiadaresi, Eirini; Smith, Mari; Sobaih, Badr Hasan; Sobhani, Soheila; Soofi, Moslem; Soyiri, Ireneous N.; Sposato, Luciano A.; Stein, Dan J.; Stein, Murray B.; Stokes, Mark A.; Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale; Sykes, Bryan L.; Sylaja, Pn; Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael; Te Ao, Braden James; Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash; Temsah, Mohamad-Hani; Temsah, Omar; Thakur, Jarnail Singh; Thrift, Amanda G.; Topor-Madry, Roman; Tortajada-Girbés, Miguel; Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto; Tran, Bach Xuan; Tran, Khanh Bao; Truelsen, Thomas Clement; Tsadik, Afewerki Gebremeskel; Tudor Car, Lorainne; Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna; Ullah, Irfan; Usman, Muhammad Shariq; Uthman, Olalekan A.; Valdez, Pascual R.; Vasankari, Tommi Juhani; Vasanthan, Rajagopalan; Veisani, Yousef; Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy; Violante, Francesco S.; Vlassov, Vasily; Vosoughi, Kia; Vu, Giang Thu; Vujcic, Isidora S.; Wagnew, Fasil Shiferaw; Waheed, Yasir; Wang, Yuan-Pang; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Weiss, Jordan; Whiteford, Harvey A.; Wijeratne, Tissa; Winkler, Andrea Sylvia; Wiysonge, Charles Shey; Wolfe, Charles D. A.; Xu, Gelin; Yadollahpour, Ali; Yamada, Tomohide; Yano, Yuichiro; Yaseri, Mehdi; Yatsuya, Hiroshi; Yimer, Ebrahim M.; Yip, Paul; Yisma, Engida; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Yousefifard, Mahmoud; Yu, Chuanhua; Zaidi, Zoubida; Zaman, Sojib Bin; Zamani, Mohammad; Zandian, Hamed; Zare, Zohreh; Zhang, Yunquan; Zodpey, Sanjay; Naghavi, Mohsen; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Vos, Theo; Gupta, Rahul
Background: Neurological disorders are increasingly recognised as major causes of death and disability worldwide. The aim of this analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 is to provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date estimates of the global, regional, and national burden from neurological disorders. Methods: We estimated prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]) by age and sex for 15 neurological disorder categories (tetanus, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, brain and other CNS cancers, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron diseases, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine, tension-type headache, and a residual category for other less common neurological disorders) in 195 countries from 1990 to 2016. DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, was the main method of estimation of prevalence and incidence, and the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) was used for mortality estimation. We quantified the contribution of 84 risks and combinations of risk to the disease estimates for the 15 neurological disorder categories using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach. Findings: Globally, in 2016, neurological disorders were the leading cause of DALYs (276 million [95% UI 247–308]) and second leading cause of deaths (9·0 million [8·8–9·4]). The absolute number of deaths and DALYs from all neurological disorders combined increased (deaths by 39% [34–44] and DALYs by 15% [9–21]) whereas their age-standardised rates decreased (deaths by 28% [26–30] and DALYs by 27% [24–31]) between 1990 and 2016. The only neurological disorders that had a decrease in rates and absolute numbers of deaths and DALYs were tetanus, meningitis, and encephalitis. The four largest contributors of neurological DALYs were stroke (42·2% [38·6–46·1]), migraine (16·3% [11·7–20·8]), Alzheimer's and other dementias (10·4% [9·0–12·1]), and meningitis (7·9% [6·6–10·4]). For the combined neurological disorders, age-standardised DALY rates were significantly higher in males than in females (male-to-female ratio 1·12 [1·05–1·20]), but migraine, multiple sclerosis, and tension-type headache were more common and caused more burden in females, with male-to-female ratios of less than 0·7. The 84 risks quantified in GBD explain less than 10% of neurological disorder DALY burdens, except stroke, for which 88·8% (86·5–90·9) of DALYs are attributable to risk factors, and to a lesser extent Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (22·3% [11·8–35·1] of DALYs are risk attributable) and idiopathic epilepsy (14·1% [10·8–17·5] of DALYs are risk attributable). Interpretation: Globally, the burden of neurological disorders, as measured by the absolute number of DALYs, continues to increase. As populations are growing and ageing, and the prevalence of major disabling neurological disorders steeply increases with age, governments will face increasing demand for treatment, rehabilitation, and support services for neurological disorders. The scarcity of established modifiable risks for most of the neurological burden demonstrates that new knowledge is required to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies.
Increase in HIV incidence in women exposed to rape
(Wolters Kluwer Health, 2021-03) Mhlongo, Shibe; Abrahams, Naeemah; Mhlongo, Shibe; Dunkle, Kristin; Chirwa, Esnat; Lombard, Carl; Seedat, Soraya, 1966-; Kengne, Andre P.; Myers, Bronwyn; Peer, Nasheeta; Garcia-Moreno, Claudia; Jewkes, Rachel
Objective: To determine the incidence of HIV acquisition in women postrape compared with a cohort of women who had not been raped. Design: A prospective cohort study. Methods: The Rape Impact Cohort Evaluation study based in Durban, South Africa, enrolledwomen aged 16–40 years from postrape care services, and a control group of women from Primary Healthcare services. Women who were HIV negative at baseline (441 in the rape-exposed group and 578 in the control group) were followed for 12–36 months with assessments every 3 months in the first year and every 6months thereafter. Multivariable Cox regression models adjusted for baseline and time varying covariates were used to investigate the effect of rape exposure on HIV incidence over follow-up. Results: Eighty-six women acquired HIV during 1605.5 total person-years of follow-up, with an incident rate of 6.6 per 100 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI): 4.8–9.1] among the rape exposed group and 4.7 per 100 person-years (95% CI: 3.5–6.2) among control group. After controlling for confounders (age, previous trauma, social support, perceived stress, multiple partners and transactional sex with a casual partner), women exposed to rape had a 60% increased risk of acquiring HIV [adjusted hazard ratio: 1.59 (95% CI: 1.01–2.48)] compared with those not exposed. Survival analysis showed difference in HIV incident occurred after month 9. Conclusion: Rape is a long-term risk factor for HIV acquisition. Rape survivors need both immediate and long-term HIV prevention and care.
Internalizing mental disorders and accelerated cellular aging among perinatally HIV-infected youth in Uganda
(Frontiers Media, 2019) Kalungi, Allan; Womersley, Jacqueline S.; Kinyanda, Eugene; Joloba, Moses L.; Ssembajjwe, Wilber; Nsubuga, Rebecca N.; Levin, Jonathan; Kaleebu, Pontiano; Kidd, Martin; Seedat, Soraya, 1966-; Hemmings, Sian M. J.
Introduction: Internalizing mental disorders (IMDs) in HIV+ children and adolescents are associated with impaired quality of life and non-adherence to anti-retroviral treatment. Telomere length is a biomarker of cellular aging, and shorter telomere length has been associated with IMDs. However, the nature of this association has yet to be elucidated. Objective: We determined the longitudinal association between IMDs and relative telomere length (rTL) and the influence of chronic stress among Ugandan perinatally HIV-infected youth (PHIY). Methods: IMDs (depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder) and IMDs were assessed using the locally adapted Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory-5. In 368 PHIY with any IMD and 368 age- and sex-matched PHIY controls without any psychiatric disorder, rTL was assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to generate the three chronic stress classes (mild, moderate, and severe). t-tests were used to assess the difference between baseline and 12 month rTL and the mean difference in rTL between cases and controls both at baseline and at 12 months. Linear regression analysis was used to model the effects of chronic stress on the association between IMDs and rTL, controlling for age and sex. Results: We observed longer rTL among cases of IMDs compared with controls (p < 0.001). We also observed a statistically significant reduction in rTL between baseline and 12 months in the combined sample of cases and controls (p < 0.001). The same statistical difference was observed when cases and controls were individually analyzed (p < 0.001). We found no significant difference in rTL between cases and controls at 12 months (p = 0.117). We found no significant influence of chronic stress on the association between IMDs and rTL at both baseline and 12 months. Conclusion: rTL is longer among cases of IMDs compared with age- and sex-matched controls. We observed a significant attrition in rTL over 12 months, which seems to be driven by the presence of any IMDs. There is a need for future longitudinal and experimental studies to understand the mechanisms driving our findings.
International meta-analysis of PTSD genome-wide association studies identifies sex- and ancestry-specific genetic risk loci
(Nature Research (part of Springer Nature), 2019) Nievergelt, Caroline M.; Maihofer, Adam X.; Klengel, Torsten; Atkinson, Elizabeth G.; Chen, Chia-Yen; Choi, Karmel W.; Coleman, Jonathan R. I.; Dalvie, Shareefa; Duncan, Laramie E.; Gelernter, Joel; Levey, Daniel F.; Logue, Mark W.; Polimanti, Renato; Provost, Allison C.; Ratanatharathorn, Andrew; Stein, Murray B.; Torres, Katy; Aiello, Allison E.; Almli, Lynn M.; Amstadter, Ananda B.; Andersen, Soren B.; Andreassen, Ole A.; Arbisi, Paul A.; Ashley-Koch, Allison E.; Austin, S. Bryn; Avdibegovic, Esmina; Babic, Dragan; Bækvad-Hansen, Marie; Baker, Dewleen G.; Beckham, Jean C.; Bierut, Laura J.; Bisson, Jonathan I.; Boks, Marco P.; Bolger, Elizabeth A.; Borglum, Anders D.; Bradley, Bekh; Brashear, Megan; Breen, Gerome; Bryant, Richard A.; Bustamante, Angela C.; Bybjerg-Grauholm, Jonas; Calabrese, Joseph R.; Caldas-de-Almeida, Jose M.; Dale, Anders M.; Daly, Mark J.; Daskalakis, Nikolaos P.; Deckert, Jurgen; Delahanty, Douglas L.; Dennis, Michelle F.; Disner, Seth G.; Domschke, Katharina; Dzubur-Kulenovic, Alma; Erbes, Christopher R.; Evans, Alexandra; Farrer, Lindsay A.; Feeny, Norah C.; Flory, Janine D.; Forbes, David; Franz, Carol E.; Galea, Sandro; Garrett, Melanie E.; Gelaye, Bizu; Geuze, Elbert; Gillespie, Charles; Uka, Aferdita Goci; Goci, Aferdita; Guffanti, Guia; Hammamieh, Rasha; Harnal, Supriya; Hauser, Michael A.; Heath, Andrew C.; Hemmings, Sian M. J.; Hougaard, David Michael; Jakovljevic, Miro; Jett, Marti; Johnson, Eric Otto; Jones, Ian; Jovanovic, Tanja; Qin, Xue-Jun; Junglen, Angela G.; Karstoft, Karen-Inge; Kaufman, Milissa L.; Kessler, Ronald C.; Khan, Alaptagin; Kimbre, Nathan A.; King, Anthony P.; Koen, Nastassja; Kranzler, Henry R.; Kremen, William S.; Lawford, Bruce R.; Lebois, Lauren A. M.; Lewis, Catrin E.; Linnstaedt, Sarah D.; Lori, Adriana; Lugonja, Bozo; Luykx, Jurjen J.; Lyons, Michael J.; Maples-Keller, Jessica; Marmar, Charles; Martin, Alicia R.; Maurer, Douglas; Mavissakalian, Matig R.; McFarlane, Alexander; McGlinchey, Regina E.; McLaughlin, Katie A.; McLean, Samuel A.; McLeay, Sarah; Mehta, Divya; Milberg, William P.; Miller, Mark W.; Morey, Rajendra A.; Morris, Charles Phillip; Mors, Ole; Mortensen, Preben B.; Neale, Benjamin M.; Nelson, Elliot C.; Nordentoft, Merete; Norman, Sonya B.; O'Donnell, Meaghan; Orcutt, Holly K.; Panizzon, Matthew S.; Peters, Edward S.; Peterson, Alan L.; Peverill, Matthew; Pietrzak, Robert H.; Polusny, Melissa A.; Rice, John P.; Ripke, Stephan; Risbrough, Victoria B.; Roberts, Andrea L.; Rothbaum, Alex O.; Rothbaum, Barbara O.; Roy-Byrne, Peter; Ruggiero, Ken; Rung, Ariane; Rutten, Bart P. F.; Saccone, Nancy L.; Sanchez, Sixto E.; Schijven, Dick; Seedat, Soraya, 1966-; Seligowski, Antonia V.; Seng, Julia S.; Sheerin, Christina M.; Smith, Alicia K.; Smoller, Jordan W.; Sponheim, Scott R.; Stein, Dan J.; Stevens, Jennifer S.; Sumner, Jennifer A.; Teicher, Martin H.; Thompson, Wesley K.; Trapido, Edward; Uddin, Monica; Ursano, Robert J.; Van Den Heuvel, Leigh Luella; Van Hooff, Miranda; Vermetten, Eric; Vinkers, Christiaan H.; Voisey, Joanne; Wang, Yunpeng; Wang, Zhewu; Werge, Thomas; Williams, Michelle A.; Williamson, Douglas E.; Winternitz, Sherry; Wolf, Christiane; Wolf, Erika J.; Wolff, Jonathan D.; Yehuda, Rachel; Young, Ross McD; Young, Keith A.; Zhao, Hongyu; Zoellner, Lori A.; Liberzon, Israel; Ressler, Kerry J.; Haas, Magali; Koenen, Karestan C.
The risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following trauma is heritable, but robust common variants have yet to be identified. In a multi-ethnic cohort including over 30,000 PTSD cases and 170,000 controls we conduct a genome-wide association study of PTSD. We demonstrate SNP-based heritability estimates of 5–20%, varying by sex. Three genome-wide significant loci are identified, 2 in European and 1 in African-ancestry analyses. Analyses stratified by sex implicate 3 additional loci in men. Along with other novel genes and non-coding RNAs, a Parkinson’s disease gene involved in dopamine regulation, PARK2, is associated with PTSD. Finally, we demonstrate that polygenic risk for PTSD is significantly predictive of re-experiencing symptoms in the Million Veteran Program dataset, although specific loci did not replicate. These results demonstrate the role of genetic variation in the biology of risk for PTSD and highlight the necessity of conducting sex-stratified analyses and expanding GWAS beyond European ancestry populations.
Intervention for alcohol use disorders at an HIV care clinic in Harare : a pilot and feasibility study
(BMC (part of Springer Nature), 2019) Madhombiro, Munyaradzi; Dube, Bazondlile; Dube, Michelle; Zunza, Moleen; Chibanda, Dixon; Rusakaniko, Simbarashe; Seedat, Soraya, 1966-
Background: Alcohol use in HIV infected patients is associated with risky sexual behaviour, poor adherence to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy, treatment failure and increased physiologic harm. The objectives of the study were to pilot the outcome assessments to be used in the trial proper, assess the feasibility of delivery of a brief MI/CBT intervention compared to an WHO mhGAP intervention for problematic alcohol use in PLWH in Zimbabwe, and pilot the effectiveness (on alcohol use, functionality and CD4 count) of these interventions at 3 months in a randomised controlled trial design. Methods: An intervention for HIV infected patients with problematic alcohol use, developed through adaptation of existing evidence based psychological treatments, was assessed for its feasibility at a tertiary HIV care clinic in Zimbabwe. Registered general nurses, using a manualised protocol, delivered the intervention. Forty patients were recruited and randomised to receive either an MI/CBT intervention or the WHO mhGAP Intervention Guide for AUDs (n = 20 patients per group). Results: Out of 40 participants enrolled, 31 were successfully followed up for 3 months with a loss to follow-up rate of 23%. There was a statistically significant decrease in AUDIT score over time in both groups (p < 0.001), however no statistically significant group difference with a mean difference of 0.80, standard error of 2.07 and p = 0.70. For the CD4 count, the median and interquartile ranges at baseline for MI/CBT and WHO mhGAP IG groups were 218 (274) and 484 (211.50), respectively. At follow-up, median and interquartile ranges for the CD4 count for MI/CBT and WHO mhGAP IG groups were 390 (280) and 567 (378), respectively, indicative of improvement in immunological parameters in both arms. Conclusion: The findings from this pilot study suggests that a brief MI/CBT delivered by Registered General Nurses for problematic alcohol use is feasible in this population but will require the implementation of additional measures to improve retention. However, mechanisms to improve retention need special attention.
Screening for consequences of trauma – an update on the global collaboration on traumatic stress
(Taylor & Francis, 2020) Olff, Miranda; Bakker, Anne; Frewen, Paul; Aakvaag, Helene; Ajdukovic, Dean; Brewer, Douglas; Elmore Borbon, Diane L.; Cloitre, Marylene; Hyland, Philip; Kassam-Adams, Nancy; Knefel, Matthias; Lanza, Juliana A.; Lueger- Schuster, Brigitte; Nickerson, Angela; Oe, Misari; Pfaltz, Monique C.; Salgado, Carolina; Seedat, Soraya, 1966-; Wagner, Anne; Schnyder, Ulrich
This letter provides an update on the activities of “The Global Collaboration on Traumatic Stress” (GC-TS) as first described by Schnyder et al. in 2017. It presents in further detail the projects of the first theme, in particular the development of and initial data on the Global Psychotrauma Screen (GPS), a brief instrument designed to screen for the wide range of potential outcomes of trauma. English language data and ongoing studies in several languages provide a first indication that the GPS is a feasible, reliable and valid tool, a tool that may be very useful in the current pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Further multi-language and cross-cultural validation is needed. Since the start of the GC-TS, new themes have been introduced to focus on in the coming years: a) Forcibly displaced persons, b) Global prevalence of stress and trauma related disorders, c) Socio-emotional development across cultures, and d) Collaborating to make traumatic stress research data “FAIR”. The most recent theme added is that of Global crises, currently focusing on COVID-19-related projects.

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