Browsing by Author "Innes S."

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    Bioequivalence of dispersed stavudine: Opened versus closed capsule dosing
    (2011) Innes S.; Norman J.; Smith P.; Smuts M.; Capparelli E.; Rosenkranz B.; Cotton M.
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    Cavitation of the Ghon focus in an HIV-infected infant who acquired tuberculosis after the initiation of HAART
    (2009) Innes S.; Schaaf H.S.; Cotton M.F.
    Tuberculosis immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) may present as new or worsening cavitation. We present an HIV-infected infant in whom TB infection and subsequent cavitation of the Ghon focus appeared to coincide with immune reconstitution due to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). TB-IRIS in response to infection that occurs after starting HAART has not previously been described.
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    Early antiretroviral treatment reduces risk of bacille Calmette- Guérin immune reconstitution adenitis
    (2011) Rabie H.; Violari A.; Duong T.; Madhi S.A.; Josipovic D.; Innes S.; Dobbels, Els; Lazarus E.; Panchia R.; Babiker A.G.; Gibb D.M.; Cotton M.F.
    SETTING: Two centres in Soweto and Cape Town, South Africa. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of timing of initiation of antiretroviral treatment (ART) and other factors on the risk of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) related regional adenitis due to immune reconstitution infl ammatory syndrome (BCG-IRIS) in human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV) infected infants. DESIGN: HIV-infected infants aged 6-12 weeks with CD4 count ≥25% enrolled in the Children with HIV Early Antiretroviral Therapy (CHER) Trial received early (before 12 weeks) or deferred (after immunological or clinical progression) ART; infants with CD4 count <25% all received early ART. All received BCG vaccination after birth. Reactogenicity to BCG was assessed prospectively during routine study follow-up. RESULTS: Of 369 infants, 32 (8.7%) developed BCGIRIS within 6 months of starting ART, 28 (88%) within 2 months after ART initiation. Of the 32 cases, 30 (93.8%) had HIV-1 RNA > 750 000 copies/ml at initiation. Incidence of BCG-IRIS was 10.9 and 54.3 per 100 personyears (py) among infants with CD4 count ≥25% at enrolment receiving early (at median age 7.4 weeks) vs. deferred (23.2 weeks) ART, respectively (HR 0.24, 95%CI 0.11-0.53, P < 0.001). Infants with CD4 count <25% receiving early ART had intermediate incidence (41.7/ 100 py). Low CD4 counts and high HIV-1 RNA at initiation were the strongest independent risk factors for BCG-IRIS. CONCLUSIONS: Early ART initiation before immunological and/or clinical progression substantially reduces the risk of BCG-IRIS regional adenitis. © 2011 The Union.