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RERERENCING: Bibliography
 
     

Direct Quotations Indirect Quotations Styles
Bibliography

As you read and research for an essay you have to make note of the sources that you consult and list them up in a bibliography or reference list.

What is the difference between a Reference and Bibliography List?

  • A Reference list is a list of only those references you have cited in your essay (not those you have just read).
  • A Bibliography is a list of all references cited and read to produce your essay.

General rules for Bibliographies and References:

  • Resources must be listed in alphabetical order and should be separated by type – e.g. books together, magazines, encyclopedias, internet sites etc.
  • These should not be numbered.
  • When there is no author, you should begin with the title
  • If you are using a word processor, you should either italicize or underline titles. If you are writing by hand you should underline titles.
  • If there is no place of publication use (n.p.) and if date use and (n.d.)

There are different styles of referencing and you have to consult your Department for the style that it recommends. There are styles like the Modern Linguistics Association (MLA), American Psychological Association (APA) and Harvard. We shall consider the APA style below:

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The Basic layout in the APA style:

Author(year). Title. Edition (other than first). Place of publication: Publisher.

Examples:

Books:
Malie,Thabo (2000).Essay Writing Basics. Stellenbosch: Juta.

If the book has two authors, you include both of them and separate their names with “and”.
For more than 2 authors, include only the first name and use ‘and others’.
When there is no author, begin with the title. e.g. :

Ancient Egyptian Culture. (1998). Leichardt: Sandstone.

Magazines:

For these include both the title of the article and the magazine.
The article title should be in quotes and that of the magazine
underlined/italicised
Identify the issue as well as the year. You might include volume/issue number or issue date (e.g. April 25.)

E.g.
McMahon, Noel (2001). “Ironman Australian Triathlon”. Australian Triathlete. Issue 9.6, p14-26.

Newspapers:

The same as that for magazines.

Encyclopedia:

Use latest publication date.
Include the volume number you used.

E.g.: Pohlmann, Ken C. (2001). “Recording Industry”.World Book Encyclopedia. Vol.16, p.180-182. Chicago: World Book.

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CD-ROMS
You will need to use the catalogue record for the CD-ROM to find the details you need.

Database title. (CD-ROM). (Year). Place: Publisher/Producer

E.G.:

Australia’s Religious Communities. (CD-ROM). (2000). Kew: Christian Research Association.

EMAIL:

Sender. (Sender’s email address). (Day Month Year). Subject of message. Email to recipient (recipient’s email address)

E.g.:
Wild, John (ttom@rarepond.com.au). (18 March 1999). Australia’s Greenhouse policy. Email to A. Person (anyonep@faithlc.qld.edu.au).

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Internet:
If the internet site you are on contains little more bibliographic information than the title, then you need to think carefully about the authenticity of that website.

Author/Editor. (Year). Title. (Internet). Place of Publication: Publisher. Available from: URL (Date accessed)

E.g.:

Backer, Patricia. (2002). Cause of the Industrial Revolution. (Internet). San Jose: San Jose State University. Available from http://www.engr.sjsu.edu/pabacker/causeIR.htm (Accessed 11 November, 2002).

To view other styles in detail. Enter Here.

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