A descriptive explanatory study on the challenges to implementing the Communal Land Reform Act to combat illegal fences in communal areas of Namibia : a case study from the Tsumkwe-West Communal Area

Date
2023-12
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Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY: The purpose of this study was to describe and explain the challenges of implementing the Communal Land Reform Act No. 5 of 2002 (hereafter the CLR Act) to combat illegal fences in communal areas of Namibia, using a case study from the Tsumkwe-West Communal Area. The CLR Act came into effect on 1 March 2003. The CLR Act seeks to prohibit the erection of new fences in communal areas without authorisation granted under this act. The CLR Act gives mandates and powers to Communal Land Boards (CLBs) and Traditional Authorities (TAs) to remove illegal fences in communal areas of Namibia. Notwithstanding the operationalisation of the CLR Act in March 2003, many illegal fences have not been removed yet and no perpetrator was ever arrested or fined under the CLR Act, while illegal fencing has continued unabated in many communal areas of Namibia. With this study, the researcher first wanted to understand what challenges impeded the successful implementation of the CLR Act to combat illegal fences in the Tsumkwe-West Communal Area. Secondly, the study aimed to help improve the implementation of the CLR Act in relation to combatting illegal fencing in the Tsumkwe-West Communal Area. The study had the following specific objectives: to analyse the literature on conditions and limitations to the implementation of policies and laws; to analyse the background policies to illegal fencing, the prescriptions of the CLR Act, and relevant operational and implementation documents; to assess whether there were clear implementation mandates and procedures and to identify possible gaps in the legislation; to determine constraints that impeded implementation of the CLR Act in practice through interviews conducted with senior councillors of the !Kung TA, officials from the Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform (MAWLR) and additional respondents, and a questionnaire completed by members of the Otjozondjupa CLB; and to offer recommendations for changes to the CLR Act and/or other recommendations to improve successful enforcement of the act. Data were collected using a questionnaire, interviews, observation and a literature review. All questions to participants were grouped under the 7-C protocol, which provides clusters of explanatory variables that might be useful for a better understanding of policy implementation success and failure. The qualitative content analysis method was used to analyse the collected data. From the information provided by the study participants, several challenges/constraints that hindered the successful implementation of the CLR Act to combat illegal fences in the Tsumkwe-West Communal Area were identified. Those challenges included inadequate resources and human capacity; lengthy, costly and cumbersome procedures to remove illegal fences; and political, legal and social aspects affecting the implementation of the CLR Act concerning illegal fences. In light of these challenges, the researcher recommends the following: Amend the content of the CLR Act; improve policy advocacy and dialogue with political leaders to ensure political will to successfully implement the CLR Act; monitor and evaluate the implementation of the Communal Land Reform Act; provide adequate resources to successfully implement the Communal Land Reform Act; ensure closer engagement with law enforcement agencies in the implementation of the CLR Act; intensify campaigns against illegal fencing in communal areas; and improve coordination between the stakeholders.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om die uitdagings van die implementering van die Wet op Kommunale Grondhervorming (Communal Land Reform Act) nr. 5 van 2002 (hierna die CLR-wet) om onwettige heinings in kommunale gebiede van Namibie te bekamp te ondersoek met behulp van ’n gevallestudie uit die Tsumkwe-Wes Gemeenskaplike Gebied. Die CLR-wet het op 1 Maart 2003 in werking getree. Die CLR-wet poog om die oprigting van nuwe heinings in kommunale gebiede te verbied sonder magtiging wat ingevolge hierdie wet verleen word. Die CLR-wet gee mandate en magte aan kommunale grondrade (Communal Land Boards) (CLBs) en tradisionele owerhede (Traditional Authorities) (TAs) om onwettige heinings in kommunale gebiede van Namibie te verwyder. Nieteenstaande die operasionalisering van die CLR-wet in Maart 2003 is baie onwettige heinings nog nie verwyder nie en geen oortreder is ooit ingevolge die CLR-wet in hegtenis geneem of beboet nie, terwyl onwettige omheining onverpoosd in talle kommunale gebiede van Namibie voortgeduur het. Met hierdie studie wou die navorser eerstens verstaan watter uitdagings die suksesvolle implementering van die CLR-wet om onwettige heinings in die Tsumkwe-Wes Kommunale Gebied te bekamp belemmer. Tweedens was die studie daarop gemik om die implementering van die CLR-wet te help verbeter met betrekking tot die bekamping van onwettige heinings in die Tsumkwe-Wes Kommunale Gebied. Die studie het die volgende spesifieke doelwitte gehad: om die literatuur oor voorwaardes en beperkings op die implementering van beleide en wette te ontleed; om die agtergrondbeleide vir onwettige omheining, die voorskrifte van die CLR-wet en relevante operasionele en implementeringsdokumente te ontleed; om te bepaal of daar duidelike implementeringsmandate en -prosedures is en om moontlike leemtes in die wetgewing te identifiseer; om deur middel van onderhoude met senior raadslede van die !Kung TA, amptenare van die Ministerie van Water, Landbou en Grondhervorming (Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform) (MAWLR) en bykomende respondente, en ’n vraelys voltooi deur lede van die Otjozondjupa CLB beperkings te bepaal wat die implementering van die CLR-wet in die praktyk belemmer; en om aanbevelings aan te bied vir veranderinge aan die CLR-wet en/of ander aanbevelings om die suksesvolle afdwinging van die wet te verbeter. Data is ingesamel met behulp van ’n vraelys, onderhoude, observasie en ’n literatuurstudie. Alle vrae aan deelnemers is gegroepeer onder die 7-C protokol wat groepe verduidelikende veranderlikes bied wat nuttig kan wees vir ’n beter begrip van sukses en mislukking van beleidsimplementering. Die kwalitatiewe inhoudsontledingsmetode is gebruik om die versamelde data te ontleed. Uit die inligting wat deur die deelnemers aan die studie verskaf is, is verskeie uitdagings/beperkings geidentifiseer wat die suksesvolle implementering van die CLR-wet om onwettige heinings in die Tsumkwe-Wes Kommunale Gebied te bekamp kan belemmer. Die uitdagings behels onvoldoende hulpbronne en menslike kapasiteit; lang, duur en omslagtige prosedures om onwettige heinings te verwyder; en politieke, wetlike en sosiale aspekte wat die implementering van die CLR-wet rakende onwettige heinings beinvloed. In die lig van hierdie uitdagings beveel die navorser die volgende aan: Wysig die inhoud van die CLR-wet; verbeter beleidsvoorspraak en dialoog met politieke leiers om politieke wil te verseker en om die CLR -wet suksesvol te implementeer; monitor en evalueer die implementering van die Wet op Kommunale Grondhervorming; voorsien voldoende hulpbronne om die Wet op Kommunale Grondhervorming suksesvol te implementeer; verseker nouer skakeling met wetstoepassingsagentskappe in die implementeering van die CLR-wet; verskerp veldtogte teen onwettige heinings in gemeenskaplike gebiede; en verbeter koordinasie tussen die belanghebbendes.
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Thesis (MCom)--Stellenbosch University, 2023.
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