South Africa's celluloid closet : the reproduction of Hollywood LGBTQ+ stereotypes and tropes in South African films

Date
2022-12
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Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The recurring stereotypes and tropes that arise in films depicting LGBTQ+ characters have negative impacts on how LGBTQ+ people see themselves, each other, and how other people see them. These depictions also promote homophobic myths and heteronormative ideologies. This dissertation provides a comprehensive exploration of Hollywood’s LGBTQ+ stereotypes and tropes and examines how these are reproduced in South African films. Therefore, the methodology consists of a qualitative semiotic analysis of LGBTQ+ representations to determine the value of, and meanings behind these depictions. The primary films consist of five South African queer-films that were released in the last decade, namely: Oliver Hermanus’s Skoonheid (2011), John Trengove’s Inxeba (2017), Christiaan Olwagen’s Kanarie (2018), Wanuri Kahiu’s Rafiki (2018), and Oliver Hermanus’s Moffie (2019). These films are evaluated according to five criteria to determine whether they constitute fair LGBTQ+ representations. My criteria state that a film’s LGBTQ+ character(s) must be explicitly queer, not conform to most stereotypes or tropes, be complex and experience growth, not be a token character, and not embody the Other. Most of Hollywood’s mainstream films fail to meet these criteria and depict LGBTQ+ characters in line with outdated practices. Similarly, South Africa’s films also fail to meet the criteria – with single exceptions – and perpetuate regressive myths about LGBTQ+ people. Although the five primary queer-films offer more complex LGBTQ+ representations, many employ harmful tropes that vilify or Other LGBTQ+ people. Notably, Kanarie and Rafiki subvert the more harmful tropes, pointing to the possibility of better future LGBTQ+ representations in South African films. These findings indicate a need for new types of queer-films and LGBTQ+ depictions in Hollywood and South African films, and problematise the ways in which LGBTQ+ stereotypes and tropes are discussed in academia. Moreover, the findings support existing theories on how identities and meanings are constructed and distributed. Finally, this dissertation serves as a call for, and template of, further research into transgender- and bisexual-specific stereotypes in mainstream films.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die herhalende stereotipes en trope wat gebruik word in films wat LGBTQ+-karakters uitbeeld het ’n negatiewe impak op hoe LGBTQ+-mense hulself en mekaar sien, en hoe ander mense hulle sien. Hierdie uitbeeldings bevorder ook homofobiese mites en heteronormatiewe ideologieë. Hierdie skripsie bied ʼn omvattende ondersoek na Hollywood se LGBTQ+-stereotipes en -trope en bestudeer hoe hierdie uitbeeldings in Suid-Afrikaanse films gerepliseer word. Hierdie uitbeeldings word ondersoek deur die kritiese ontleding van Suid-Afrikaanse “queer”-films ten einde vas te stel hoe die geïdentifiseerde stereotipes en trope daarin aangewend word. Die metodologie bestaan dus uit ʼn kwalitatiewe semiotiese ontleding van LGBTQ+-representasie ten einde die waarde en betekenisse daarvan vas te stel. Die primêre films bestaan uit vyf Suid-Afrikaanse “queer”-films wat gedurende die afgelope dekade vrygestel is, naamlik: Oliver Hermanus se Skoonheid (2011), John Trengove se Inxeba (2017), Christiaan Olwagen se Kanarie (2018), Wanuri Kahiu se Rafiki (2018), en Oliver Hermanus se Moffie (2019). Hierdie films word aan die hand van vyf kriteria geëvalueer ten einde te bepaal of die LGBTQ+-uitbeeldings daarin vervat, billik is. Die kriteria bepaal dat ’n film se LGBTQ+-karakter(s) eksplisiet “queer” moet wees, nie aan die meeste stereotipes en trope konformeer nie, kompleks moet wees en karaktergroei ondergaan, nie ’n tokenkarakter is nie, en nie die “Ander” beliggaam nie. Die meeste van Hollywood se populêre films voldoen nie aan hierdie kriteria nie en beeld LGBTQ+-karakters volgens uitgediende praktyke uit. Suid-Afrikaanse films faal eensgelyks ook daarin om aan die kriteria te voldoen – met enkele uitsonderings – en sit regressiewe mites oor LGBTQ+-mense voort. Hoewel die vyf primêre “queer”-films komplekser LGBTQ+-karakters bevat, wend baie daarvan skadelike trope aan wat LGBTQ+-mense aftakel of tot die Ander maak. Dit is opmerklik dat Kanarie en Rafiki die skadeliker trope omverwerp, wat op die moontlikheid van beter toekomstige LGBTQ+-uitbeeldings in Suid-Afrikaanse films dui. Hierdie bevindings wys op’n behoefte aan nuwe tipes “queer”-films en LGBTQ+-uitbeeldings in Hollywood en Suid-Afrikaanse films, en problematiseer die wyse waarop LGBTQ+-stereotipes en trope in die akademiese omgewing hanteer word. Voorts ondersteun die bevindings bestaande teorieë rondom die vorming en verspreiding van identiteit en betekenis. Laastens, dien die skripsie as ’n oproep tot en templaat vir toekomstige navorsing in transgender- en biseksueelspesifieke stereotipes in populêre films.
Description
Thesis (MDram)--Stellenbosch University, 2022.
Keywords
Bisexuality in motion pictures, LGBTQ+ people, LGBTQ+ representations in South African films, UCTD
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