Does lumichrome-enhanced plant growth reduce disease resistance?

Date
2023-12
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Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The need for an increased food production has brought about interest in the study of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their extracts, known to have positive effects on plant growth. One such substance is lumichrome (7,8 dimethylalloxazine), which was first identified as a growth promoting substance from the nitrogen-fixing soil bacterium, Sinorhizobium meliloti and has been shown in previous research to enhance plant growth through upregulated photosynthesis, cell cycle, and development genes, thereby increasing stomatal conductance, transpiration, photosynthesis, and biomass accumulation in the plants. However, downregulation of defence genes was also observed after lumichrome treatment in Arabidopsis thaliana wild type (wt) plants, which suggested an increase in their susceptibility to pathogen attack. Starchless Arabidopsis mutant plants (aps1) deficient in ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase small subunit (APS1) were previously found to have similar levels of photosynthesis and enhanced growth to lumichrome-treated wt plants, even without being treated with lumichrome. This suggested that the loss-of-function APS1 gene (which was also downregulated by lumichrome in wt plants) contributed significantly to the enhanced growth seen in these mutants. The aim of this study was to treat Arabidopsis thaliana plants with lumichrome to determine the defence response that lumichrome has on plants. This was accomplished by treating Col-0 wt and adg1-1 plants (aps1 seeds were not available, so adg1-1 seeds, which have a mutation in the same gene, were used) with 5 nM lumichrome to observe the phenotypic and transcription effects of lumichrome on the growth of these plant lines. Physiological parameters such as rosette diameter, leaf number, and biomass, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate were measured; while photosynthetic pigment and carbohydrate assays were conducted to observe differences caused by lumichrome treatment. RT-qPCR was used to assess the effects of lumichrome on the transcription of several lumichrome response-related marker genes. The necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea was then used to infect the lumichrome-treated plants. Fungal lesions were measured, and leaves were stained with DAB (3,3’-diaminobenzidine) and trypan blue to determine changes in the plants’ physiological response. RT-qPCR was conducted on infected leaves to determine transcriptomic reactions of lumichrome-treated plants to infection. No significant physiological differences were observed in wt or adg1-1 mutants following lumichrome treatment. However, RT-qPCR analysis revealed an upregulation of XTH9 which is involved in tissue division and expansion. Upon lumichrome treatment, downregulation was observed in psbTn, involved in photosynthesis; AGPase, involved in starch biosynthesis; CYCA1;1, involved in cell cycle progression; ACO1, involved in ethylene biosynthesis; PR1, involved in salicylic acid signalling; JAL34, involved in endoplasmic reticulum body production; and PDF1.2A, involved in jasmonic acid induction. DAB staining revealed that lumichrome treatment may have caused increased levels of hydrogen peroxide accumulation both in the uninfected leaves and directly around the lesions of infected plants, indicating increased levels of hypersensitive response in these plants. Trypan blue staining confirmed increased cell death in lumichrome- treated plants, likely caused by the hypersensitive response directly around the fungi. Analysis of the infected leaves by RT-qPCR revealed that lumichrome reduces the transcription of the JAL34, PDF1.2A, and PR1 defence genes, making plants more susceptible to necrotrophic pathogens.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die behoefte aan verhoogde voedselproduksie het gelei tot belangstelling in die bestudering van plantegroeibevorderende rhizobakterieë (PGPR) en hul ekstrakte wat bekend is vir hul positiewe uitwerking op die plantgroei. Een van hierdie stowwe is lumikroom (7,8 dimethylalloxazine), aanvanklik geïdentifiseer as 'n groeibevorderende stof van Sinorhizobium meliloti, wat uit vorige navorsing getoon het dat dit plantegroei deur die opregulering van fotosintese, selsiklus en ontwikkelingsgene bevorder en dan lei tot vehoogde stomatale geleiding, transpirasie, fotosintese en biomassa-akkumulasie in die plante. Afregulasie van verdedigingsgene is egter ook ná lumikroombehandeling in Arabidopsis thaliana kontrole plante waargeneem, wat ‘n toename in die vatbaarheid vir pathogeen-aanvalle aandui. Daar is bevind dat stysellose Arabidopsis-mutante plante (aps1) met 'n tekort aan die ADP-glukose pirofosforilase klein subeenheid (APS1), soortgelyke vlakke van fotosintese en verbeterde groei as lumikroombehandelde wilde-tipe plante het, selfs sonder dat dit met lumikroom behandel is. Dit is ʼn aanduiding dat die afgeskakelde APS1-geen (wat ook deur lumikrome in wilde-tipe plante afgereguleer is) betekenisvol bygedra het tot die verbeterde groei wat in hierdie mutante gesien is. Hierdie studie se doel was om Arabidopsis thaliana-plante met lumikroom te behandel om die verdedigingsreaksie wat lumikroom op plante het, vas te stel. Dit is gedoen deur Col-O-wilde-tipe en adg1- 1-plante met 5 nM lumikroom te behandel (aps1-sade was nie beskikbaar nie, dus is adg1-1-sade wat ‘n mutasie in dieselfde geen het, gebruik) om die fenotipiese en transkripsie-effekte van lumikroom op hierdie plante se groei waar te neem. Fisiologiese lesings soos roset-deursnee, aantal blare en biomassa, stomatale geleiding en transpirasietempo is gemeet; terwyl fotosintetiese pigment- en koolhidraattoetse uitgevoer is om verskille veroorsaak deur lumikroombehandeling waar te neem. Trutranskriptase-kwantitatiewe PKR (TT- kPKR) is uitgevoer om die effekte van lumikroom op die transkripsie van verskeie lumikroom-reaksie- verwante merkergene te assesseer. Die nekrotrofiese patogeen Botrytis cinerea is gebruik om die lumikroombehandelde plante te besmet. Swamletsels is gemeet en blare is met DAB (3,3’-diaminobenzidien) en tripaanblou gekleur om veranderinge in die fisiologiese reaksie van die plante te bepaal. Trutranskriptase- PKR is op die blare van besmette plante uitgevoer om transkriptomiese reaksies van lumikroombehandelde plante op infeksie te bepaal. Geen betekenisvolle fisiologiese veranderinge is ná die lumikroombehandeling op wilde-tipe of adg1-1- mutante waargeneem nie. Die TT-kPKR -analise het egter 'n opregulering van XTH9 aangetoon wat betrokke is by die verdeling en uitbreiding van weefsels. Met lumikroombehandeling is die afregulering in psbTn waargeneem, betrokke by fotosintese; AGPase, betrokke by styselbiosintese; CYCA1;1, betrokke by selsiklusprogressie; ACO1, betrokke by etileenbiosintese; PR1, betrokke by salisielsuur seine; JAL34, betrokke by endoplasmiese retikulum liggaamproduksie; en PDF1.2A, betrokke by jasmoniese suurinduksie. DAB- kleuring het getoon dat lumikroombehandeling moontlik verhoogde vlakke van waterstofperoksiedophoping veroorsaak het, in beide die onbesmette blare en direk rondom die letsels van besmette plante, wat dui op verhoogde vlakke van hipersensitiewe reaksie in hierdie plante. Tripaanbloukleuring het verhoogde seldood in lumikroombehandelde plante bevestig, wat waarskynlik deur die hipersensitiewe reaksie direk rondom die swam veroorsaak is. Ontledinge van die besmette blare deur middel van RT-qPKR het getoon dat lumikroom die transkripsie van die JAL34-, PFF1.2A- en PR1-verdedigingsgene verminder, wat plante meer vatbaar maak vir nekrotrofiese patogene.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2023.
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