An agent-based model of Eldana Saccharina Walker

Date
2016-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: An agent-based simulation model is formulated in this dissertation in order to simulate the population dynamics of Eldana saccharina Walker infestation in sugarcane. The simulation model comprises four distinct building blocks, namely a graphical user interface, the implementation of the life cycle and associated influence of temperature on E. saccharina, the mating process of E. saccharina and the oviposition and dispersal of E. saccharina. These building blocks are based on existing literature pertaining to the biology and behaviour of the pest and, in cases where the relevant literature is insu cient or non-existent, expert opinion and careful assumption. In order to select areas from existing sugarcane farms on which to execute location-speci c experiments, functionality which allows Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data importation is included as a platform on which to run the simulation model. These data inform the model in respect of the shape and characteristics of the underlying sugarcane elds in which the simulated E. saccharina population interacts. The model interacts and operates within an AnyLogic simulation software environment and, in so doing, aims to emulate the behaviour of a population of E. saccharina moths in sugarcane. It is anticipated that the model implementation may serve as a basis for facilitating future design and testing of control measures in order to suppress the pest and its consequent detrimental e ect to sugarcane through infestation and feeding on interior stalk nutrients. Numerous working mathematical models of the pest exist in the literature, but, in all previous cases, intricate aspects of the stalk borer's biology have been aggregated on a population level and average population changes have been a ected at discrete time steps. The resulting analyses therefore yield conclusions that do not necessarily re ect the continuous, changing nature of E. saccharina on a localised level. Using agent-based modelling, however, the pest's behaviour may be modelled in more detail so as to facilitate more thorough investigation of potential control strategies and their expected e cacy on the pest at di erent points in its life cycle. The agent-based simulation model designed in this dissertation is subjected to a number of veri cation and validation techniques. Furthermore, a pilot sensitivity analysis is conducted to identify the most in uential parameters in the simulation model. These parameters are then considered further in a comprehensive parameter variation analysis in order to illustrate the exibility and diversity of the model in terms of the variety of scenarios pertaining to E. saccha- rina population behaviour that it can accommodate. In some cases, simpli ed implementations of control measures are also imposed on the pest within the model in order to further illustrate its implementation capabilities, as anticipated for future model development and use. In light of this exibility, the model is also presented as a computerised decision support and analysis tool, including the ability to upload and recreate a speci c user's own sugarcane farm shape le, as well as to alter a set of available parameters. This may aid in simulating speci c behaviour in a simulation run in accordance with what has typically been observed by the user, or of hypothetical scenarios which require investigation. In turn, as the model is further developed and detailed control measures are included as part of the simulation execution, it is believed that an appropriate response pertinent to the characteristics of the geographical area under consideration and the corresponding E. saccharina population present in this area may be predicted, allowing for control measure alteration and redesign so as to optimise the associated parameters or actions prior to in- eld implementation. In order to further re ne the model and improve its accuracy, as well as ensure agreement between the existing modelling approaches and actual biological processes in nature, the entire simulation model of E. saccharina is subjected to an expert panel discussion. The experts comprising the panel encompass some of the key researchers pertaining to E. saccharina and other moth behaviour and population dynamics, both in South Africa and internationally. The simulation model is updated or adjusted according to suggestions made and new information shared by the expert panel in an attempt to simulate the pest as accurately as possible in accordance with the body of knowledge currently available. Although several other approaches to modelling E. saccharina populations have been adopted in the past, no existing models implement such a low level of abstraction with respect to the biology of the pest. In addition, previous models are often case-speci c, investigating speci c control measures that are imposed on an aggregate level on a population of the pest. By actively simulating E. saccharina's biological decision-making processes, intricate aspects pertaining to one or a number of interacting control strategies, as well as the manner in which they alter the pest's biology or behaviour, may easily be incorporated using an agent-based simulation modelling approach. Adopting a low level of abstraction also requires extensive information pertaining to the pest and, as such, areas where little understanding still exists with respect to the behaviour of E. saccharina have been highlighted and, consequently, may be prioritised for future entomological research by experts in the eld. Finally, numerous options for future investigation into this problem, including model re nement, control measure design and testing and comparison to existing models, pose positive possibilities for the eventual establishment of a functional, integrated pest management programme for E. saccharina.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Agent-gebaseerde simulasiemodel word in hierdie proefskrif geformuleer om die populasiedinamika van Eldana saccharinaWalker infestering in suikerriet te modelleer. Die simulasiemodel bestaan uit vier verskillende boustene, naamlik 'n grafiese gebruikerskoppelvlak, die implementering van die lewensiklus en die gepaardgaande invloed van temperatuur op E. saccha- rina, die paringsproses, en die eierlegging en ruimtelike verspreiding van E. saccharina. Hierdie boustene is gebaseer op bestaande literatuur oor die biologie en gedrag van die pes en, in gevalle waar tersaaklike literatuur ontbreek, insette van kundiges en sorgvuldige aannames. Ten einde gebiede in bestaande suilerrietplase te kies waarin ligging-spesifieke esperimente gedoen kan word, is funksionaliteit wat data-invoer vanuit Geografiese Inligtingstelsels (GIS) moontlik maak, ingesluit om as platform vir die simulasiemodel te dien. Hierdie data bedien die model met inligting rakende die vorm en eienskappe van die onderliggende suikerrietlande waarin die E. saccharina populasie interaktief is. Die vier boustene van die model het op só 'n wyse interaksie met mekaar in 'n AnyLogic simulasie sagteware-omgewing dat die gedrag van 'n populasie E. saccharina motte in 'n suikerrietplantasie nageboots word. Daar word voorsien dat die modelimplementering die toekomstige ontwerp en toetsing van beheermaatreëls vir die onderdrukking van die pes en sy nadelige invloed op suikerriet deur infestering en tering op die interne voedingstowwe daarvan mag fasiliteer. Verskeie aanvaarde wiskundige modelle bestaan reeds vir die pes in die literatuur, maar in al hierdie gevalle word gespesialiseerde aspekte van die pes se biologie tot op populasievlak saamgevoeg en word gemiddelde populasieveranderinge by diskrete tydstappe geïmplementeer. Die gevolglike analises lewer daarom gevolgtrekkings wat nie noodwendig die kontinue veranderende gedrag van E. saccharina op 'n lokale vlak goed saamvat nie. Met die gebruik van agent-gebaseerde simulasie, daarenteen, is dit moontlik om fyner besonderhede van die pes se gedrag met voldoende akkuraatheid te modelleer sodat dit moontlik word om die doeltreffendheid van potensiële pesbestrydingstrategieë op verskeie fases van die lewensiklus van E. saccharina deegliker te ondersoek. Die agent-gebaseerde simulasiemodel wat in hierdie proefskrif ontwerp word, word aan 'n aantal veri kasie- en valideringstegnieke onderwerp. 'n Aanvanklike sensitiwiteitsanalise word verder uitgevoer om die mees invloedryke parameters in die simulasiemodel te identifiseer. Hierdie parameters word dan in 'n daaropvolgende, omvattende parameter variasie-analise ondersoek om sodoende die buigsaamheid en diversiteit van die model te demonstreer in terme van die verskeidenheid scenarios vir E. saccharina populasiegedrag wat daarin geakkommodeer kan word. In sommige gevalle word vereenvoudigde pesbestrydingsmaatreëls in die model ingebou om die implementeringmoontlikhede daarvan te illustreer. In die lig van hierdie buigsaamheid word die model ook as 'n gerekenariseerde besluitsteun- en analisestelsel aangebied wat die vermoë insluit om die profiellêer van 'n spesifieke gebruiker se suikerrietplaas in te lees en te herskep. Die model laat ook toe dat 'n spesifieke stel parameters varieer kan word. Dit laat toe dat spesi eke gedrag wat deur die gebruiker waargeneem is, gesimuleer kan word, asook hipotetiese scenarios wat ondersoek verg. Soos wat die model verder ontwikkel is, kan gedetaileerde beheermaatre els as deel van die simulasie-uitvoering ingesluit word. Dit het tot gevolg dat die model die paslike reaksie lewer wat verband hou met die eienskappe van die geogra ese gebied wat ondersoek word en die ooreenstemmende E. saccharina populasie in die gebied kan voorspel word. Dit laat verfyning en herontwerp van beheermaatre els toe om geassosieerde parameters en aksies voor praktiese implementering te verfyn. Ten einde die model verder te verfyn en die akkuraatheid daarvan te verbeter, en om ooreenstemming tussen modelleringbenaderings en werklike biologiese prosesse in die natuur te verseker word die volledige simulasiemodel onderwerp aan bespreking deur 'n paneel deskundiges. Hierdie deskundiges is van die voorste plaaslike en oorsese navorsers van E. saccharina en ander mot-gedrag. Die simulasiemodel word opdateer of aangepas volgens voorstelle wat gemaak is asook nuwe inligting wat deur die paneel gedeel is in 'n poging om die pes-gedrag so akkuraat as moontlik in ooreenstemming met huidige kennis te simuleer. Alhoewel verskeie ander modelleringsbenaderings reeds in die verlede op populasies van E. sac- charina toegepas is, bestaan deur geen model waarin daar só 'n lae vlak van abstraksie met betrekking tot die biologie van die pes bereik word nie. Verder was vorige modelle dikwels ook geval-spesifiek, in die sin dat spesifieke pesbestrydingsmaatreëls oorweeg is sonder dat toekomstige verbetering of uitbreiding van die modelle, of eksperimentering daarmee, dan op dieselfde vlak uitgevoer kon word soos wat in 'n agent-gebaseerde simulasiekonteks moontlik is nie. Aangesien die nastrewing van 'n lae vlak van modelabstraksie verder uitgebreide kennis oor die pes vereis, is dit ook moontlik om areas waar huidige kennis oor die gedrag van E. saccharina gebrekkig is, uit te wys. Hierdie areas mag vir toekomstige entomologiese navorsing deur kenners geprioritiseer word. Verskeie moontlikhede vir verdere toekomstige navorsing, insluitend modelverfyning, beheermaatreëlontwerp, en die toetsing en vergelyking van bestaande modelle, hou laastens ook moontlikhede in vir die uiteindelike daarstelling van 'n funksionele, geëntegreerde pesbestrydingsprogram vir E. saccharina.
Description
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2016.
Keywords
Moths -- Control, Eldana saccharina, Sugarcane -- Diseases and pests, Moths as pets, UCTD, Pests -- Management
Citation