Co-designing gendered energy innovations for urban informal settlement households in Kenya : a case study of Mathare Valley informal settlement

Date
2023-03
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Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY: Energy innovation processes are gender-blind, which impedes energy innovation adoption in informal urban settlement households. While renewable energy innovations can significantly decrease carbon emissions and improve livelihoods, 80% of Africa depends on biomass for their energy needs, and only 43% have access to electricity, resulting in high energy insecurity. The impact of energy insecurity disproportionately affects women more than men. In cities, emergent inequalities are higher among poor populations living in informal settlements. For example, 60% of Nairobi’s population lives in informal settlements. Despite the global development approach to integrating informality, the current energy policy in Kenya is bifocal: rural-urban. It does not recognise informal settlement households’ uniquely gendered characteristics and their role in energy innovation adoption. Moreover, the policy lacks instruments for interrogating and implementing gendered energy needs. This study applies design thinking in mainstreaming gender in energy innovation processes to promote adoption. Three objectives achieved include: contextualising gendered energy innovations in informal urban settlements in Kenya, exploring dissemination channels for gendered energy innovations in Kenya, and co-designing an actor-network structure for gendered energy innovations in informal urban settlements in Kenya. This transdisciplinary case study of the Mathare Valley informal settlement in Nairobi develops a novel tool named Gender Mainstreaming Model for Innovation Adoption (GeMMIA) to interrogate the role of gender across the innovation process systemically. The overall methodology is mixed methods and uses cross-sectional data. A survey of 207 households in Mathare unveils the dimensions of gender in this informal urban settlement. Semi-structured interviews with multiple stakeholders and key informants map their journeys as they interact with innovations. Subsequently, an analysis of the user journey maps explores the decision-making process, which is then used as a guide to facilitate a focus group discussion. The multi-stakeholder focus group discussion proposes dissemination strategies for gendered energy innovations, including the need to interrogate informal agency. The ensuing multi-stakeholder design thinking workshop examines value translation across the energy chain through a quasi-experiment. The result is an actor-network structure that integrates informal agency with formal systems to promote energy innovation dissemination. The study finds that, indeed, informal settlements in Africa are uniquely gendered in several ways: women are less exposed to energy innovations, there are higher mortality rates in women and children, poor technical skills training and low participation of women in energy projects. The survey results indicate that in Mathare, although women make household energy decisions, the men pay for the energy fuels and devices in the home. Female-headed households have lower incomes than male-headed households. In addition, there is a high level of illiteracy, eminent use of poor energy sources and overall, household gender dynamics are relational. The proposed strategies in addressing emergent gender concerns across the energy innovation process are mainly women-specific and integrated. They address strategic energy needs for women but also appreciate the gender interdependency within the household. The co-designed actor network reveals stronger ties between the users and the informal community representatives than with the formal system. The study integrates these two agencies and maps their networks and value translation. In conclusion, the study contributes to systems and target transdisciplinary knowledge in the energy sector. Transdisciplinarity is essential in understanding contextual user dynamics, and while it is necessary to address women-specific inequalities, including men in development endeavours is just as fundamental. The study proposes strategies for disseminating gendered energy innovations to adopt for informal settlements in Kenya, an actor-network to test in the settlements, and develops a gender mainstreaming tool as a policy instrument.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Energie-innovasieprosesse is geslagsblind, wat die aanvaarding van energie-innovasie vir gebruik in huishoudings in informele stedelike nedersettings belemmer. Terwyl hernubare energie-innovasies koolstof-vrystelling aansienlik kan verminder, is 80% van Afrika afhanklik van bio-massa vir hul energie-behoeftes, en slegs 43% het toegang tot elektrisiteit, wat lei tot hoe energie-onsekerheid. Die impak van energie-onsekerheid raak vroue disproporsioneel in vergelyking met mans. In stede is ontluikende ongelykhede hoër onder armer bevolkings wat in informele nedersettings woon. In Nairobi, byvoorbeeld, leef 60% van die bevolking in informele nedersettings. Ten spyte van die wereldwye ontwikkelingsbenadering van integrasie van informaliteit, is die huidige energie-beleid in Kenia bifokaal: landelike-stedelik. Dit erken nie huishoudings in informele nedersettings se unieke geslagseienskappe en rol in die aanvaarding van energie-innovasie nie. Boonop kort die beleid instrumente om geslagsenergiebehoeftes te ondersoek en implementeer. Hierdie studie pas ontwerp-denke toe in die bevordering van geslag in energie-innovasieprosesse om aanvaarding te bevorder. Drie doelwitte wat bereik is, sluit in: kontekstualisering van geslagtelike energie-innovasies in informele stedelike nedersettings in Kenia, verkenning van verspreidingskanale vir geslagtelike energie-innovasies in Kenia, en gesamentlike ontwerp van ’n akteur-netwerkstrukstuur vir geslagtelike energie-innovasies in informele stedelike nedersettings in Kenia. Hierdie trans-dissiplinere gevallestudie van die Mathare-vallei informele nedersetting in Nairobi ontwikkel ’n nuwe instrument genaamd Gender-Hoofstroommodel vir Innovasie-aanvaarding (GeMMIA) om die rol van geslag oor die hele innovasie-proses sistematies te ondersoek. Die algehele metodologie is gemengde metodes en gebruik deursnee-data. ’n Opname van 207 huishouding in Mathare onthul die dimensies van geslag in hierdie informele stedelike nedersetting. Semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude met veelvoudige belanghebbers en belangrike informante karteer hul reis soos hulle in wisselwerking tree met innovasies. Daarna verken ’n analise van die gebruiksreis-kaarte die besluitnemingsproses, wat dan gebruik word as ’n gids om ’n fokusgroep-bespreking te fasiliteer. Die multi-belanghebber fokusgroepbespreking stel verspreidingstrategiee vir geslagtelike energie-innovasies voor, insluitend die noodsaaklikheid om informele agentskap te ondersoek. Die daaropvolgende multi-belanghebber ontwerpdenkwerkwinkel ondersoek waarde-oordrag oor die energie-ketting deur ’n kwasi-eksperiment. Die resultaat is ’n akteur-netwerkstruktuur wat informele agentskap integreer met formele stelsels om die verspreiding van energie-innovasie te bevorder. Die studie vind dat informele nedersettings in Afrika wel ’n unieke geslagsamestelling het op verskeie wyses: vroue word minder blootgestel aan energie-innovasies, daar is ’n hoer mortaliteitskoers onder vrou en kinders, swakker opleiding in tegniese vaardighede, en ’n laer deelname van vroue aan energie-projekte. Die opname-resultate dui aan dat in Mathare, hoewel vroue huishoudelike energie-besluite neem, die mans betaal vir die energie-brandstof en toestelle in die huis. Huishouding met vroue-hoofde het laer inkomstes as huishoudings waar die man die hoof is. Boonop is daar ’n hoe vlak van ongeletterdheid, algemene gebruik van swak energiebronne, en in die algemeen hou huishoudelike geslagsdinamiek verband met wedersydse verhoudings. Die voorgestelde strategiee om ontluikende geslagskwessies regoor die energie-innovasieproses aan te spreek is hoofsaaklik vrou-spesifiek en geïntegreerd. Hulle spreek strategiese energiebehoeftes van vroue aan, maar waardeer ook die geslagsinterafhanklikheid binne die huishouding. Die mede-ontwerpte akteur-netwerk onthul sterker bande tussen die gebruikers en die informele gemeenskapsverteenwoordigers as met die formele stelsel. Die studie integreer hierdie twee agentskappe en karteer hul netwerke en waarde-verhandeling. Ten slotte dra die studie by tot stelsels en geteikende trans-dissiplinere kennis in die energie-sektor. Trans-dissiplinariteit is noodsaaklik vir begrip van kontekstuele gebruiker-dinamiek en terwyl dit nodig is om vrou-spesifieke ongelykhede aan te spreek is dit net so fundamenteel om mans by ontwikkelingspogings in te sluit. Die studie stel strategiee voor vir die verspreiding van geslagtelike energie-innovasies om aanvaar te word in informele nedersettings in Kenia, ’n akteur-netwerk om in die nedersettings te toets, en ontwikkel ’n geslag-hoofstroom-instrument as beleidsinstrument.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2023.
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