A qualitative exploration of perceptions of women aged 21 – 55 years from Bhisho townships in the Eastern Cape, on the intake of a diverse nutrient-dense diet

Date
2023-12
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Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY: Micronutrient malnutrition continues to persist in South Africa, even though the South African government has implemented various strategies, including the promotion of dietary diversity. Previous research has also found that people who live in low-income neighbourhoods have the lowest dietary diversity scores (DDS) compared to other demographics in South Africa. Women normally play a pivotal role in the gathering and preparation of food for their families; they therefore have a significant influence on the dietary diversity of all members of their households. There is a paucity in the qualitative research domain in South Africa in the area of dietary diversity, particularly perceptions of women concerning dietary diversity. Therefore, the aim of the study was to explore the perceptions of women 21 – 55 years regarding dietary diversity in the townships of Bhisho in the Eastern Cape. A qualitative research study was conducted using focus group discussions (FGDs). The FGD guide was developed by the researcher, guided by the objectives of the study. Purposive sampling was used to recruit the participants, by word of mouth with assistance from identified influential women in the community. The FGDs were audio recorded and the recordings were transcribed by a professional transcriber. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Four FGDs (N=18) were conducted. The participants demonstrated a general understanding of dietary diversity as they associated the concept with eating a balanced diet that consists of a variety of foods which are high in nutrients. The participants also have an awareness of the benefits of consuming a variety of foods high in nutrients. These benefits include optimal immunity, provision of energy for daily activities, as well as growth and development in children. The participants perceived lack of sufficient income due to factors such as unemployment, as the main barrier to achieving a diverse diet. Cultural influences, lack of gardening resources and environmental factors such as drought and poor soil quality, were perceived to be barriers to dietary diversity. Growing their own food in the form of home gardens was perceived as the main enabling factor for dietary diversity. Empowerment of community members with knowledge of healthy eating, encouragement of youth to study and participate in agriculture, and government assistance in matters such as job creation and community empowerment initiatives, were additional perceived enabling factors for dietary diversity. Participant perceptions around dietary diversity indicate an awareness of the challenge of low dietary diversity in poorer communities as well as a willingness to address the challenge. Community members of Bhisho need assistance and encouragement in improving their intake of a varied, nutrient-rich diet and subsequently optimising their nutrition outcomes. Dietary diversity and healthy living in general could be promoted in the community through nutrition education and skills development, home gardening resources, access to arable land for commercial agriculture initiatives, and women's forums for nutrition and healthy lifestyles. To make these initiatives sustainable, there should be a focus on fostering community self-reliance.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Mikronutrient-wanvoeding bly voortbestaan in Suid-Afrika, selfs al het die Suid-Afrikaanse regering verskeie strategiee geimplementeer, insluitend die bevordering van dieetdiversiteit. Vorige navorsing het ook bevind dat mense wat in lae-inkomste omgewings woon die laagste tellings vir dieetdiversiteit het in vergelyking met ander demografiee in Suid-Afrika. Vroue speel normaalweg 'n deurslaggewende rol in die insameling en voorbereiding van voedsel vir hul gesinne en het dus 'n beduidende invloed op die dieetdiversiteit van alle lede van hul huishoudings. Daar is 'n tekort aan kwalitatiewe navorsing in Suid-Afrika op die gebied van dieetdiversiteit, veral persepsies van vroue oor dieetdiversiteit. Daarom was die doel van die studie om die persepsies van vroue tussen die ouderdom van 21 en 55 jaar te ondersoek rakende dieetdiversiteit in Bhisho, Oos-Kaap. 'n Kwalitatiewe navorsingsstudie was gedoen deur middel van fokusgroepbesprekings (FGBs). Die fokusgroepbesprekingsgids is deur die navorser ontwikkel, gelei deur die doelstellings van die studie. Doelbewuste steekproefneming is gebruik vir die werwing van deelnemers deur mondelinge aanbeveling met die hulp van geidentifiseerde invloedryke vroue in die gemeenskap. Die FGB's seklank was opgeneem en die opnames is deur 'n professionele transkribeerder getranskribeer. Tematiese analise is gebruik om die data te ontleed. Vier fokusgroepbesprekings (N=18) is uitgevoer. Die deelnemers het 'n algemene begrip van die dieetdiversiteit getoon deur die konsep te assosieer met die eet van 'n gebalanseerde dieet wat uit 'n verskeidenheid voedsel bestaan wat ryk is aan voedingstowwe. Die deelnemers is ook bewus van die voordele van die verbruik van 'n verskeidenheid voedsel wat ryk is aan voedingstowwe. Hierdie voordele sluit in optimale immuniteit, voorsiening van energie vir daaglikse aktiwiteite, sowel as groei en ontwikkeling by kinders. Die deelnemers beskou gebrek aan voldoende inkomste as gevolg van faktore soos werkloosheid as die grootste hindernis om 'n diverse dieet te bereik. Kulturele invloede, gebrek aan tuinbouhulpbronne en omgewingsfaktore soos droogte en swak grondgehalte is gesien as hindernisse vir dieetdiversiteit. Die kweking van eie voedsel in die vorm van groentetuine by die huis is beskou as die belangrikste faktor wat bydra tot dieetdiversiteit. Die bemagtiging van gemeenskapslede met kennis oor gesonde eetgewoontes, die aanmoediging van jongmense om te studeer en deel te neem aan landbou, en regeringshulp met sake soos werk-skepping en gemeenskapsbemagtigingsinisiatiewe was addisioneel gesien as bevorderende faktore vir dieetdiversiteit. Deelnemers se persepsies rondom dieetdiversiteit dui op bewustheid van die uitdaging van lae dieetdiversiteit in arm gemeenskappe, asook 'n bereidwilligheid om die uitdaging aan te spreek. Gemeenskapslede van Bhisho het hulp en aanmoediging nodig om hul inname van 'n gevarieerde, voedingryke dieet te verbeter en gevolglik hul voedinguitkomste te optimaliseer. Dieetdiversiteit en gesonde leefstyl kan in die gemeenskap bevorder word deur voedingsopvoeding en vaardigheidsontwikkeling, tuinbouhulpbronne, toegang tot bewerkbare grond vir kommersiele landbou-inisiatiewe, en vroue-forums vir voeding en gesonde leefstyle. Om hierdie inisiatiewe volhoubaar te maak, moet daar gefokus word op die bevordering van gemeenskapsselfstandigheid.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2023.
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