The development of novel molecular diagnostic assays for fusarium oxysporum f. Sp. Cubense

Date
2019-04
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Banana (Musa sp.) is an important crop for food security and income generation in developed and developing nations. Most bananas are grown for local consumption, with approximately only 14% exported to Europe, the US, Japan and Russia. The export industry is almost exclusively reliant on Cavendish bananas. Cavendish bananas also constitute approximately 47% of bananas grown globally. A major constraint to sustainable banana production is Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). Race 1 and 2 Foc isolates cause disease of Gros Michel, other dessert varieties and some cooking banana like Bluggoe, but not Cavendish bananas. Subtropical (STR) and tropical (TR4) race 4 Foc isolates affect Cavendish and most banana cultivars susceptible to Foc races 1 and 2 in the subtropics and tropics, respectively. Fusarium wilt is difficult to manage as Foc chlamydospores can survive in the soil for decades. Phytosanitary regulation and clean planting material to exclude Foc, and the planting of resistant banana cultivars, are therefore required to manage the disease. Early detection and the geographic mapping of Foc can inform farmers and governing bodies about the distribution of the fungus and aid in containment strategies. DNA-based detection with PCR is favoured over phenotypic identification due to its speed and accuracy. PCR detection, however, is qualitative and lacks sensitivity when DNA is isolated from environmental samples. Quantitative (q)PCR has been developed to directly detect plant pathogens in environmental samples. Molecular markers are available to quantitatively detect Foc races 4 and TR4, but the Foc TR4 markers lack specificity. Molecular markers for Foc Lineage VI (race 1 and 2) and STR4 are also required. In this study, DNA markers and qPCR assays were developed to detect Foc Lineage VI, TR4 and STR4 in plant, water and soil samples. Markers were designed from the RNA polymerase III subunit, a hypothetical protein and the Foc supercontig 1.57 gene regions. Marker suitability and specificity was evaluated, and standard curves produced for Foc detection based on specificity, repeatability, reproducibility, limit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD). The Foc TR4 and Lineage VI markers were specific for qPCR detection, but the Foc STR4 markers amplified two non-target Fusarium members and two non-pathogenic F. oxysporum isolates. Quantitative PCR can detect Foc collected in the environment. DNA from non-viable cells, however, is then also amplified, which can lead to an overestimation of inoculum levels. In this study, propidium monoazide (PMA) and qPCR were combined to quantify Foc Lineage VI and TR4 spores that survive following sanitiser treatments. PMA applied at 20 μM, incubated in the dark for 1 min and activated with light for 5 min effectively separate viable from non-viable Foc spores. The PMA-qPCR results also correlate well with colony forming unit counts.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Piesangs (Musa sp.) is ‘n belangrike gewas wat voedselsekuriteit en inkomste bied aan beide ontwikkelde en ontwikkelende lande. Meeste piesangs word verbou vir plaaslike verbruik, met net ongeveer 14 % wat uitgevoer word na Europa, die VSA, Japan en Rusland. Die uitvoer industrie maak eksklusief staat op Cavendish piesangs. Omtrent 47% van piesangs wat wereldwyd verbou word bestaan ook uit Cavendish piesangs. Volhoubare piesang produksie word bedreig deur Fusarium verwelking, veroorsaak deur Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). Foc ras 1 en 2 veroorsaak siekte van Gros Michel, ander nagereg tipes en kook tipes soos Bluggoe, maar nie Cavendish tipes nie. Foc subtropiese (STR4) affekteer Cavendish en meeste varieteite vatbaar vir ras 1 en 2, in subtropiese gebiede, terwyl Foc tropiese ras 4 (TR4) siekte veroorsaak op dieselfde variete in tropiese gebiede. Fusarium verwelking is moeilik op te bestuur, want Foc chlamydospore kan in die grond oorleef vir dekades. Fitosanitêre regulasies en skoon plant material, sowel as die gebruik van weerstandbiedende variteite, word vereis vir die bestuur van die siekte. Vroeë deteksie en opstel van kaarte van die geografiese verspreiding van Foc, kan boere en regerings inlig en te hulp staan. DNS-gebaseerde deteksie met PKR word verkies oor fenotipiese identifikasie, omdat dit meer spoedige en meer akkurate resultate lewer. PKR identifikasie is kwalitatief en vir DNS monsters wat isoleer word uit die omgewing, moet sensitiwiteit verbeter word. Kwantitatiewe (k)PKR is ontwikkel om plant patogene direk uit omgewingsmonsters te identifiseer. Molekulêre merkers is reeds beskikbaar vir kwantitatiewe deteksie van Foc ras 4 en TR4, maar Foc TR4 merkers se spesifisiteit moet verbeter word. In hierdie studie is DNS merkers en kPKR toetse ontwikkel vir die deteksie van Foc Linie VI, TR4 en STR4 in plant, water en grond monsters. Merkers is ontwikkel in die RNS polymerase III subeenheid, ‘n hipotetiese protein en die Foc nukleotiedversameling 1.57 geen areas. Merker geskiktheid en spesifisiteit is evalueer en standaard kurwes produseer vir Foc deteksie gebaseer op spesifisiteit, herhaalbaarheid, reproduseerbaarheid, die limiet van kwantifisering (LOK) en die limiet van deteksie (LOD). Die Foc TR4 en Linie VI merkers was spesifiek vir kPKR deteksie, maar die Foc STR4 merkers het twee ander Fusarium spesies en twee nie-patogene F. oxysporum montsters, wat nie teikens van die merkers was nie, amplifiseer. Kwantitatiewe PKR kan gebruik word om Foc uit omgewingsmonsters te identifiseer. DNS van dooie selle kan egter ook amplifiseer word, wat kan lei tot oorskattings van inokulum vlakke. In die studie is propidium monoazied (PMA) en kPKR kombineer om Foc Linie VI en TR4 spore te kwantifiseer na behandeling met ontsmettingsmiddels. PMA aangewend by 20 μM, inkubeer vir 1 minuut in die donker, en lig-geaktiveer vir 5 minute, kon lewende en dooie selle van Foc effektiek onderskei. Die PMA-kPKR resultate het goed gekorreleer met bepaling van kolonie-vormende eenhede.
Description
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2019.
Keywords
Fusarium wilt of banana -- Control, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, Fusarium oxysporum -- Genetics, Bananas -- Diseases and pests, Phytosanitary measures, UCTD
Citation