Sensitivity of apple rootstocks to water stress

Date
2023-03
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Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The widespread occurrence of water deficits is increasingly one of the most prevalent limiting factors in apple production, which will likely worsen due to population growth and increased rate of climate change. Since apple production in South Africa is done under irrigation, increased periods of water deficits require, amongst other technologies, the use of apple rootstock selections that support high orchard water productivity under limited water supply. This would create resilience specifically in areas at risk of having their water allocation cut because of insufficient irrigation water availability. The aim of this study was to quantify whole tree water use, gas exchange and growth dynamics of mature, bearing (in-field) and non- bearing (potted) ‘Rosy Glow’ apple trees on a range of rootstocks, which varied from semi-vigorous to dwarfing, before, during and after periods of water deficit during the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 growing seasons. In the field trial, mean basal crop coefficient (Kcb), orchard transpiration per unit ground area (Ec) and transpiration per unit leaf area (EL) were higher in well-watered trees on the more vigorous rootstocks compared to more dwarfing rootstocks. An analysis of the tree hydraulic characteristics showed that well- watered trees on more dwarfing rootstocks had higher stem (Rx), canopy (Rc), and soil to stem (Rsx) hydraulic resistances compared to trees on the more vigorous rootstocks, which could possibly explain their lower water use. The Penman-Monteith equation accurately predicted water use of trees on different rootstocks, despite differences in tree vigour and hydraulic resistances. Measured and projected water productivity (i.e., calculated using the South African standard industry spacings for each rootstock) under well-watered conditions were both found to be higher in trees on more dwarfing MM.109/M.9 (MM.109 with an M.9 EMLA interstem) and M.9 RN.29 rootstocks compared to trees on more vigorous rootstocks. This means that these rootstocks could be a viable option to maximise productivity in high density planting systems. In the field trial EL was not reduced in water deficit relative to well-watered trees for any rootstock during both water deficit cycles. Trees on M.793 and M.9 RN.29 displayed more water use, relative to pre- stress values, indicating improved water uptake after re-watering. Trees on more vigorous rootstocks had significantly higher net CO2 assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rate (E), and significantly lower intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) compared to trees on more dwarfing rootstocks on day 18 of water deficit cycle 1. These responses were closely associated with higher maximum rate of carboxylation (Vcmax) and higher leaf chlorophyll a (chla), chlorophyll b (chlb) and carotenoids concentrations. In the pot trial with non-bearing trees, there was a significant reduction in water use in the water deficit treatment relative to the well-watered treatment during both water deficit cycles. Like the field trial, trees on M.793 and M.9 RN.29 displayed enhanced water use after the two water deficit cycles indicating enhanced water uptake. Except for trees on G.222, trees on more dwarfing rootstocks displayed higher Rx, Rc and Rsx than more vigorous rootstocks, as observed in the field trial. Water deficit treatment decreased A, gs, E, chla, chlb, and chla/chlb ratio and improved WUEi, for all rootstocks. Trees on G.222, M.7 and M.9 RN.29 had higher Vcmax, Jmax and triose phosphate utilization (TPU) than trees on M.793 and G.202 during water deficit cycle 2, but this did not lead to significant differences in A amongst the different rootstocks. Partitioning of biomass towards root development differed significantly amongst trees on different rootstocks, with trees on more vigorous rootstocks having significantly higher increase in root biomass compared to trees on more dwarfing rootstocks. This study sheds light on the water requirements and stress responses of apple trees on rootstocks with different vigour-inducing capacities, which is instrumental in selecting suitable rootstock options to maximise water productivity. Trees on the dwarfing M.9 RN.29 rootstock were not more sensitive to water deficit in the field and in pot trials relative to more vigorous rootstocks. The use of M.9 RN.29 in high-density plantings could result in a significant saving in irrigation water.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die wydverspreide voorkoms van watertekorte is toenemend een van die mees algemene beperkende faktore in appelproduksie, wat waarskynlik sal vererger as gevolg van bevolkingsgroei en verhoogde tempo van klimaatsverandering. Aangesien appelproduksie in Suid-Afrika onder besproeiing plaasvind, vereis verhoogde periodes van watertekorte die gebruik van appel-onderstamkeuses wat hoë boordwaterproduktiwiteit onder beperkte watervoorsiening ondersteun, onder andere. Dit sal veerkragtigheid skep spesifiek in gebiede wat die risiko loop van verminderde watertoewysing weens onvoldoende beskikbaarheid van besproeiingswater. Die doel van hierdie studie was om hele boomwatergebruik, gaswisseling en groeidinamika van volwasse, draende (in-veld) en nie-draende (potte) 'Rosy Glow' appelbome op 'n reeks onderstamme te kwantifiseer, wat gewissel het van semi-groeikragtig tot dwergend, voor, tydens en na periodes van watertekort gedurende die 2017/2018 en 2018/2019 groeiseisoene. In die veldproef was die gemiddelde basale oeskoëffisiënt (Kcb), boordtranspirasie per eenheid grondoppervlakte (Ec) en transpirasie per eenheid blaaroppervlakte (EL) hoër in goed benatte bome op die meer groeikragtige onderstamme in vergelyking met meer dwergende onderstamme. 'n Ontleding van die boomhidrouliese eienskappe het getoon dat goed benatte bome op meer dwergende onderstamme hoër stam (Rx), blaardak (Rc), en grond-tot-stam (Rsx) hidrouliese weerstande getoon het in vergelyking met bome op die meer groeikragtige onderstamme, wat moontlik hulle laer waterverbruik verklaar. Die Penman-Monteith-vergelyking het watergebruik van bome op verskillende onderstamme akkuraat voorspel, ten spyte van verskille in groeikragtigheid en hidrouliese weerstande. Gemete en geprojekteerde waterproduktiwiteit (d.w.s. bereken deur gebruik te maak van die Suid-Afrikaanse standaard industrie spasiëring vir elke onderstam) onder goed benatte toestande was albei hoër in bome op meer dwergende MM.109/M.9 (MM.109 met 'n M.9 EMLA-tussenstam) en M.9 RN.29 onderstamme in vergelyking met bome op meer groeikragtige onderstamme. Dit beteken dat hierdie onderstamme 'n lewensvatbare opsie kan wees om produktiwiteit in hoëdigtheid plantstelsels te maksimeer. In die veldproef is EL nie verminder nie in watertekort relatief tot goed benatte bome vir enige onderstam gedurende beide waterrekortsiklusse nie. Bome op M.793 en M.9 RN.29 het meer watergebruik getoon, relatief tot voorspanningwaardes, wat verbeterde wateropname na herbesproeiing aandui. Bome op meer groeikragtige onderstamme het aansienlik hoër netto CO2 assimilasietempo (A), stomatale geleiding (gs) en transpirasietempo (E) getoon, en aansienlik laer intrinsieke watergebruikdoeltreffendheid (WUEi), in vergelyking met bome op meer dwergende onderstamme op dag 18 van watertekortsiklus 1. Hierdie reaksies was nou geassosieer met hoër maksimum tempo van karboksilering (Vcmax) en hoër blaarkonsentrasies van chlorofil a (chla), chlorofil b (chlb) en karotenoïede. In die potproef met nie-draende bome was daar 'n beduidende vermindering in watergebruik in die watertekortbehandeling relatief tot die goed benatte behandeling tydens beide watertekortsiklusse. Soos vir die veldproef, het bome op M.793 en M.9 RN.29 verbeterde watergebruik getoon na die twee watertekortsiklusse, wat verbeterde wateropname aandui. Behalwe vir bome op G.222, het bome op meer dwergende onderstamme hoër Rx, Rc en Rsx getoon as meer groeikragtige onderstamme, soos waargeneem in die veldproef. Watertekortbehandeling het A, gs, E, chla, chlb en chla/chlb verhouding verlaag en WUEi verbeter, vir alle onderstamme. Bome op G.222, M.7 en M.9 RN.29 het hoër Vcmax, Jmax en triosefosfaatbenutting (TPU) getoon as bome op M.793 en G.202 tydens watertekortsiklus 2, maar dit het nie gelei tot beduidende verskille in A nie tussen die verskillende onderstamme. Die verdeling van biomassa na wortelontwikkeling het aansienlik verskil tussen bome op verskillende onderstamme, en bome op meer groeikragtige onderstamme het 'n aansienlik hoër toename in wortelbiomassa gehad het vergeleke met bome op meer dwergende onderstamme. Hierdie studie werp lig op die waterbehoeftes en stresreaksies van appelbome op onderstamme met verskillende kapasiteite vir groeikragtigheid, wat instrumenteel is in die keuse van geskikte onderstamopsies om waterproduktiwiteit te maksimeer. Bome op die dwergende M.9 RN.29 onderstam was nie meer sensitief vir watertekorte in die veld en in potproewe nie vergeleke met meer groeikragtige onderstamme. Die gebruik van M.9 RN.29 in hoëdigtheid aanplantings kan aansienlike besparing in besproeiingswater tot gevolg hê.
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Thesis (PhDAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2023.
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