Development of genome editing of potato to repress cold-induced sweetening

Date
2023-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In South Africa, the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) has become one of the country’s most significant food sources. Its tubers are an abundant source of dietary carbohydrates for human consumption and contain starch, a polymeric carbohydrate composed of amylose and amylopectin that also has numerous industrial uses. Potatoes are often stored at cold temperatures after harvesting, leading to starch being degraded to form the reducing sugars glucose and fructose. When heated to high temperatures, these sugars react with amino acids in the Maillard reaction to produce acrylamide that is neurotoxic and potentially carcinogenic. It is therefore desirable to produce plants with tubers that don’t produce reducing sugars when stored at cold temperatures. An enzyme that plays a critical role in starch degradation is α-glucan, water dikinase 1 (GWD1), and plants without GWD1 activity have demonstrated impaired starch degradation including in cold-stored potato tubers. Clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 is a multipurpose technology for genetic engineering and provides new opportunities for developing novel plant characteristics. This system provides a novel method to mutate StGWD1 to prevent starch degradation. To accomplish this, single guide RNAs were designed to target regions of the gene before a key catalytic phosphohistidine site that is essential for enzyme activity. The guides were transcribed in vitro and complexed with Cas9 to assess cleavage of a target-containing sequence. The in vitro efficacy assay demonstrated that one of the guides successfully introduced a double-stranded break to the target sequence. Two strategies were used to try to mutate StGWD1. The first was a transgene-free method for gene editing that required successful protoplast isolation and regeneration. After successfully isolating viable potato protoplasts, micro-calli were generated from tissue culture of these cells. Unfortunately, regeneration did not proceed further and so a transgenic approach using Agrobacterium- mediated transformation was then used to transform leaf explants. This resulted in transgenic calli, although sequencing reactions and Tracking of Indels by Decomposition (TIDE) analysis revealed no editing at the target sequences.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In Suid-Afrika het die aartappel (Solanum tuberosum L.) een van die land se belangrikste voedselbronne geword. Sy knolle is 'n oorvloedige bron van dieetkoolhidrate vir menslike gebruik en bevat stysel, 'n polimeriese koolhidraat wat bestaan uit amilose en amilopektien wat ook talle industriële gebruike het. Aartappels word dikwels na oes in koue temperature gestoor, wat veroorsaak dat die stysel afgebreek word om die suikers glukose en fruktose te vorm. Wanneer dit tot hoë temperature verhit word, reageer hierdie suikers met aminosure in die Maillard-reaksie om akrielamied te produseer wat neurotoksies en potensieel kankerverwekkend is. Dit is dus verkieslik om plante te produseer met knolle wat nie suikers produseer wanneer dit in koue temperature gestoor word nie. 'n Ensiem wat 'n kritiese rol in styselafbraaking speel is α-glukaan, water dikinase 1 (GWD1), en plante sonder GWD1- aktiwiteit vertoon verswakte styselafbraaking, insluitend in koudgestoorde aartappelknolle. Gegroepeerde gereelde interspasiëring palindromiese herhalings (CRISPR)/Cas9 is 'n veeldoelige tegnologie vir genetiese ingenieurswese en bied nuwe geleenthede vir die ontwikkeling van nuwe plant eienskappe aan. Hierdie stelsel bied 'n nuwe metode om StGWD1 te muteer om styselafbraaking te voorkom. Om dit te bereik, is enkelgids-RNA's ontwerp om streke van die geen te teiken voor 'n sleutel katalitiese fosfohistidien-plek wat noodsaaklik is vir ensiemaktiwiteit. Die gidse is in vitro getranskribeer en met Cas9 gekomplekseer om splitsing van 'n teikenbevattende volgorde te bepaal. Die in vitro doeltreffendheidstoets het getoon dat een van die gidse 'n dubbelstring-breuk suksesvol in die teikenvolgorde ingestel het. Twee strategieë is gebruik om StGWD1 te probeer muteer. Die eerste was 'n transgeen-vrye metode vir geen redigering wat suksesvolle protoplast isolasie en regenerasie vereis. Nadat lewensvatbare aartappelprotoplaste suksesvol geïsoleer is, is mikro-calli uit weefselkultuur van hierdie selle gegenereer. Ongelukkig het wedergeboorte nie verder voortgegaan nie en dus is 'n transgeniese benadering met behulp van Agrobacterium-gemedieerde transformasie gebruik om blaaruitplantings te transformeer. Dit het tot transgeniese calli gelei, alhoewel volgordebepalingsreaksies en ‘Tracking of Indels by DEcomposition (TIDE)’ analise geen redigering by die teikenvolgordes aan die lig gebring het nie.
Description
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2023.
Keywords
CRISPR/Cas9, Tissue Culture, Golden Gate Cloning, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, protoplast regeneration
Citation