3D printing of eco-friendly concrete incorporating recycled plastic waste (RESIN8) as fine aggregate

Date
2022-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH BSTRACTS: Plastic waste is a massive environmental issue worldwide which cannot be solved in a simple manner. Sand being a natural resource is limited in nature in contrast to the abundance of waste plastics in our environment. This study, therefore, investigates the suitability of creating an eco-friendly 3D printable concrete where recycled plastic waste, in the form of Resin8, is incorporated by replacing different percentages of fine aggregates. Replacement values of 5%, 10% and 15% of natural sand by volume are investigated, which are further characterized by varying Resin8 particle sizes. Particle sizes of Resin8 included are sub-5 mm, sub-1 mm and a combination of the two by mixing them by equal proportions (50/50). The concrete incorporating recycled plastic waste (Resin8) was compared to, and tested against a reference concrete mix which is the standard 3DPC mix at Stellenbosch University. Samples of each concrete mix were also mould cast into 160 x 40 x 40 mm prisms from the same concrete mix that were used for printing to investigate the effect the printing process had on the mechanical properties of the concrete. The rheology, slump flow (workability), buildability, air content and density are some of the fresh properties that were investigated. The mechanical properties of the different concrete mixes were investigated by means of flexural (4-point bending) and compression tests. Due to the anisotropic nature of 3DPC, the printed samples were tested in two different directions; D1 and D3. Porosity analysis by means of Computed Tomography (CT) scans were done on printed and cast samples of the reference mix as well as all sub-1 mm Resin8 printed samples to compare and investigate the effect of Resin8 on the microstructure of the printed concrete. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis was conducted on sub-5 mm and sub-1 mm Resin8 particles used in this study, as well as on the 3D printed samples of the reference mix and all replacement percentages of the combination Resin8 mixes after 28 days. All mixes containing Resin8 performed adequately for use in 3DPC based on characterisation of its fresh properties. It was observed that mixes containing Resin8 were more flowable, which has been validated by an increase in slump flow value when compared to the reference mix, while the buildability was negatively affected by the increased flowability. A lower density was obtained as the percentage of Resin8 replacement increased as expected due to the lower relative density of Resin8 compared to sand. Both the flexural and compressive strength decreased as the Resin8 replacement increased. However, an increase in interlayer bond strength was observed in all Resin8 mixes compared to the reference mix, which could possibly be as a result of excess pore water at the interlayer region due to the hydrophobic nature of plastics. The printing process had little effect on the performance of the 3DPC mixes based on similar flexural and compressive strength results achieved for orientation D3 and the mould cast samples, while orientation D1 yielded the best results. Considering the results obtained in this research, the addition of Resin8 into 3D printable concrete is a feasible option and could potentially lead to great reductions of waste plastics in our natural environment even for low replacement volumes.
AFRIKAANS OPSOMMING: Plastiekafval is 'n massiewe omgewingskwessie wêreldwyd wat nie op 'n eenvoudige manier opgelos kan word nie. Sand wat 'n natuurlike hulpbron is, is beperk van aard in teenstelling met die oorvloed van afvalplastiek in ons omgewing. Hierdie studie ondersoek dus die geskiktheid om 'n eko-vriendelike 3D-drukbare beton (3DDB) te skep waar herwinde plastiekafval in die vorm van Resin8 ingewerk word deur verskillende persentasies fyn aggregaat te vervang. Vervangingsinhoude van 5%, 10% en 15% natuurlike sand per volume word ondersoek, wat verder gekenmerk word deur wisselende Resin8 partikel groottes. Partikel groottes van Resin8 ingesluit is sub 5 mm, sub 1 mm en 'n kombinasie van die twee deur hulle te meng in gelyke verhoudings (50/50). Die beton wat met herwinde plastiekafval (Resin8) ingewerk is, is vergelyk met en getoets teen 'n verwysingsbetonmengsel wat die standaard 3DDB-mengsel by die Universiteit Stellenbosch is. Monsters van elke betonmengsel is ook in 160 x 40 x 40 mm prismas gegiet uit dieselfde betonmengsel wat vir 3DDB gebruik is, om die effek wat die drukproses op die meganiese eienskappe van die beton gehad het, te ondersoek. Die reologie, insakvloei (werkbaarheid), boubaarheid, luginhoud en digtheid is van die vars eienskappe wat ondersoek is. Die meganiese eienskappe van die verskillende betonmengsels is deur middel van buigtoetse (4-punt buiging) en druktoetse ondersoek. As gevolg van die anisotropiese aard van 3DDB, is die 3D-drukte monsters in twee verskillende rigtings getoets; D1 en D3. Porositeitsanalise deur middel van Rekenaartomografie (CT) skanderings is gedoen op gedrukte en gegote monsters van die verwysingsmengsel sowel as alle sub 1 mm Resin8 3D-drukte monsters om die effek van Resin8 op die mikrostruktuur van die gedrukte beton te vergelyk en te ondersoek. Skandeerelektronmikroskopie (SEM) analise is uitgevoer op sub-5 mm en sub-1 mm Resin8 partikels wat in hierdie studie gebruik is, sowel as op die 3D-gedrukte monsters van die verwysingsmengsel en alle vervangingspersentasies van die kombinasie Resin8-mengsels na 28 dae . Alle mengsels wat Resin8 bevat het voldoende presteer vir gebruik in 3DDB gebaseer op karakterisering van sy vars eienskappe. Daar is waargeneem dat mengsels wat Resin8 bevat meer vloeibaar was, wat bekragtig is deur 'n toename in insinkingsvloeiwaarde in vergelyking met die verwysingsmengsel, terwyl die boubaarheid negatief beïnvloed is deur die verhoogde vloeibaarheid. 'n Laer digtheid is verkry namate die persentasie Resin8 vervanging toegeneem het, soos verwag as gevolg van die laer RD van Resin8 in vergelyking met sand. Beide die buig- en druksterkte het afgeneem namate die Resin8-vervanging toegeneem het, maar 'n toename in IBS is in alle Resin8-mengsels waargeneem in vergelyking met die verwysingsmengsel, wat moontlik as gevolg van oormaat poriewater by die tussenlaaggebied kan wees as gevolg van die hidrofobiese aard van plastiek. Die 3D-drukproses het min effek gehad op die werkverrigting van die 3DDB-mengsels gebaseer op soortgelyke buig- en druksterkte-resultate wat vir oriëntasie D3 en die vormgegote monsters behaal is, terwyl oriëntasie D1 die beste resultate gelewer het. Met inagneming van die resultate wat in hierdie navorsing verkry is, is die byvoeging van Resin8 in 3D-drukbare beton 'n haalbare opsie en kan moontlik lei tot groot vermindering van afvalplastiek in ons natuurlike omgewing, selfs in lae vervangingsvolumes.
Description
Thesis (MEng) -- Stellenbosch University, 2022.
Keywords
Three-dimensional printing, Reinforced concrete, Plastic waste -- Recycling, UCTD
Citation