Physical model tests on stability and overtopping of new concrete armour unit Cubilok™

Date
2023-11
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Artificial concrete armour units are employed to protect coastal structures and infrastructure such as rubble mound breakwaters, revetments, and artificial headlands. Several concrete armour unit types have been developed over the last few decades, where each specific unit has a unique shape and behavioural properties. As the need for breakwaters deployed in harsher wave climates and deeper waters increased, the need for larger armour units also grew. Where concrete armour units are required, generally, the best value is achieved with a single-layer option, provided that construction conditions allow for accurate placement of armour units. PRDW Consulting Port and Coastal Engineers are developing a new concrete armour unit called the Cubilok™. This unit is defined by four principal dimensions, which can be modified to obtain variations of the Cubilok™ shape. These parameters can also be used to alter the structural robustness of the unit, which is indicated by its slenderness ratio (H’). Two different unit shapes have been tested previously: single-layer (H’ = 1.09) and double-layer (H’ = 0.92). For this study, the shape previously tested as a single layer was modified by removing the tapered ends of the protuberance (or arms). These changes were made to reduce the settlement observed in previous research; however, it also resulted in a unit with higher structural robustness where H’ equalled 0.6. This unit’s viability as a single and double layer was investigated in this study. The overall efficacy of an armour unit during wave attack is determined by the hydraulic stability. This study was the first attempt to understand the modified unit’s hydraulic stability and recommended wave overtopping discharge. The primary objective of this research was to investigate the behaviour of the Cubilok at slopes of 1:1.5 and 1:1.33 (V:H), which involved testing various wave heights and periods. A 2D flume configuration was tested at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in Stellenbosch, South Africa. The configuration included, a sloping foreshore of 1:30, and a constant water level measured at the structure’s toe. The wave conditions were measured with capacitance probes, and the overlay photography technique was utilised to capture and examine the armour layer reaction. Overtopping volumes were measured throughout testing and converted to l/s/m to indicate the average rate of overtopping discharge. The test schedule included two test series to determine a suitable storm duration for the steeper slope of 1:1.33 (H:V). Packing densities of ∅ = 0.63 and 0.65 were investigated for the storm duration tests. A repeatability test was also conducted for both slopes with the same wave condition. The findings showed an improvement in stability for the tighter packing density; therefore, the test programme continued with the packing density of ∅ = 0.65. According to the stability test results, the armour layer was influenced slightly more negatively by longer wave periods, with larger movements and earlier displacements. By the end of the study, 17 test series were completed, totalling 102 individual tests. The stability number was found to increase with decreasing Iribarren parameters at the start of damage. The inconsistent results achieved at the start of damage yielded no conclusive influence of the varying slope gradients on the hydraulic stability. The average stability numbers achieved for the milder slope were often greater at failure. Throughout testing, the stability numbers ranged from NS = 2.04 to 4.64. At the start of damage, the average stability number was NS = 3.51, and at failure, it was NS = 4.30. The research revealed that the Cubilok's performance notably improved on steeper slopes, indicating competitive potential against other single-layer units. Based on previous research, the Cubilok outperformed Accropode in terms of no damage and design stability at a 1:1.33 slope. However, on steeper slopes, Xbloc's design parameter exceeded Cubilok's by 7%. The overtopping rate increased significantly for low wave steepness values (sop =0.01). For low wave steepness values, the results indicated that the overtopping rate increases approximately twofold with an increase in wave height. Furthermore, compared to the CLASH results of other single-layer units, the measured rate of overtopping for the Cubilok slope was slightly greater. The increased overtopping rate was most apparent in test results with low wave steepness of sop = 0.01, falling outside the CLASH range of sop = 0.02, 0.035 and 0.05. It should be highlighted that this study was only a preliminary investigation into the behaviour of the modified Cubilok. The effect of the packing density and shape were compared in relation to the settlement of the unit. Further tests are recommended to address variability in test results.
AFRIKAANSE ABSTRACT:Beton bewapeningseenhede word gebruik om kusstrukture en infrastruktuur soos ruklip- golfbrekers, seemure en kunsmatige landhoofde te beskerm. Verskeie tipes bewapeningseenhede is oor die afgelope paar dekades ontwikkel, waar elke spesifieke eenheid sy unieke vorm en gedragskenmerke het. Namate die behoefte aan golfbrekers in hoe-energie golfklimate en dieper waters toegeneem het, het die behoefte aan groter bewapeningseenhede ook gegroei. Waar betonpantser-eenhede benodig word, word oor die algemeen die beste waarde verkry met 'n enkellaag opsie, mits konstruksie omstandighede akkurate plasing van die bewapeningseenhede toelaat. PRDW Consulting Hawens en Kus Ingenieurs ontwikkel 'n nuwe betonpantser-eenheid genaamd die Cubilok™. Die vorm van hierdie eenheid word bepaal deur vier hoof afmetings, wat verander kan word om variasies van die Cubilok™ vorm te verkry. Hierdie parameters kan ook gebruik word om die strukturele robuustheid van die eenheid te verander, wat aangedui word deur sy slangkheidsgraad (H’). Twee verskillende panser vorms is voorheen getoets: enkellaag (H’ = 1.09) en dubbellag (H’ = 0.92). Vir hierdie studie is die vorm wat voorheen as 'n enkellaag getoets is, verander deur die afgeplatte punte van die uitsteeksel (of arms) te verwyder. Hierdie veranderinge is aangebring om die versakking wat in vorige navorsing waargeneem is, te verminder; dit het egter ook 'n eenheid met hoër strukturele robuustheid tot gevolg gehad, waar H’ gelyk was aan 0.6. Hierdie eenheid se vermoë as 'n enkellaag en dubbellaag is in hierdie studie ondersoek. Die algehele effektiwiteit van 'n bewapeningseenhede tydens golfaanval word bepaal deur die hidrouliese stabiliteit. Hierdie studie was die eerste poging om die gewysigde eenheid se hidrouliese stabiliteit en aanbevole golfoorslag te verstaan. Die primêre doel van hierdie navorsing was om die gedrag van die Cubilok te ondersoek by hellings van 1:1.5 en 1:1.33 (V:H), wat behels het die toetsing van verskeie golfhoogtes en periodes. 'n 2D golfkanaal uitleg is getoets by die Wetenskaplike en Nywerheidsnavorsing Raad (WNNR) in Stellenbosch, Suid-Afrika. Die opstelling het 'n nabystrandse helling van 1:30 ingesluit, en 'n konstante watervlak gemeet by die golfmaker van die struktuur. Die golfkondisies is gemeet met kapasitansieprobes, en die oorlê fotografie tegniek is gebruik om die reaksie van die bewapeningslaag vas te vang en te ondersoek. Die oorslagvolumes is deurlopend gemeet gedurende toetsing en omgeskakel na l/s/m om die gemiddelde tempo van oorslag aan te dui. Die toetsskedule het twee toetsreekse ingesluit om 'n geskikte stormduurte vir die steiler helling van 1:1.33 (H:V) te bepaal. Pakdigtheidswaardes van ∅ = 0.63 en 0.65 is ondersoek vir die stormduurtetoetse. 'n Herhaalbaarheidstoets is ook vir beide hellinge met dieselfde golfkondisie uitgevoer. Die bevindinge het 'n verbetering in stabiliteit vir die groter pakdigtheid getoon; dus het die toetsprogram voortgegaan met die pakdigtheid van ∅ = 0.65. Volgens die stabiliteitstoetsresultate is die bewapeningslaag effens meer nadelig beïnvloed deur langer golfperiodes, met groter bewegings en vroeëre verskuiwings. Teen die einde van die studie is 17 toetsreekse voltooi, wat 'n totaal van 102 individuele toetse beloop het. Die stabiliteitsgetal is bevind om te verhoog met afnemende Iribarren waardes aan die begin van skade. Die onkonsekwente resultate wat aan die begin van skade behaal is, het geen oortuigende invloed van die wisselende hellingsgradiënte op die hidrouliese stabiliteit opgelewer nie. Die gemiddelde stabiliteitsgetalle wat vir die platter helling behaal is, was dikwels groter voor swigting. Gedurende toetsing het die stabiliteitsgetalle gewissel van NS = 2.04 tot 4.64. Aan die begin van skade was die gemiddelde stabiliteitsgetal NS = 3.51, en by swigting was dit NS = 4.30. Die navorsing het aan die lig gebring dat die stabiliteit van die Cubilok merkbaar verbeter het op steil hellings, wat dui op mededingende potensiaal teenoor ander enkellaag eenhede. Gebaseer op vorige navorsing die Cubilok het die Accropode oortref wat betref geen beskadiging en ontwerpstabiliteit op 'n 1:1.33 helling. Nietemin, het die ontwerpparameter van die Xbloc op steiler hellings die Cubilok met 7% oorskry. Die oorslagtempo het aansienlik toegeneem vir lae golfsteilheidswaardes (sop = 0.01). Vir lae golfsteilheidswaardes dui die resultate daarop dat die oorslagtempo ongeveer tweemaal soveel toeneem met 'n toename in golfhoogte. Verder, in vergelyking met die CLASH resultate van ander enkellaag eenhede, was die gemete oorslagtempo vir die Cubilok helling effens groter. Die verhoogde oorslagtempo was mees opvallend in toetsresultate met 'n lae golfsteilheid van sop = 0.01, wat buite die CLASH reeks van sop = 0.02, 0.035 en 0.05 val. Dit moet beklemtoon word dat hierdie studie slegs 'n voorlopige ondersoek na die gedrag van die gewysigde Cubilok was. Die effek van die pakdigtheid en vorm is vergelyk met betrekking tot die stabiliteit van die eenheid. Verdere toetse word aanbeveel om die variasie in toetsresultate aan te spreek.
Description
Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2023.
Keywords
Citation