A comparative analysis of the G1/S transition control in kinetic models of the eukaryotic cell cycle

Date
2009-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The multiplication of cells proceeds through consecutive phases of growth and division (G1, S, G2 and M phases), in a process known as the cell cycle. The transition between these phases is regulated by so-called checkpoints, which are important to ensure proper functioning of the cell cycle. For instance, mutations leading to faulty regulation of the G1/S transition point are seen as one of the main causes of cancer. Traditionally, models for biological systems that show rich dynamic behavior, such as the cell cycle, are studied using dynamical systems analysis. However, using this analysis method one cannot quantify the extent of control of an individual process in the system. To understand system properties at the process level, one needs to employ methods such as metabolic control analysis (MCA). MCA was, however, developed for steady-state systems, and is thus limited to the analysis of such systems, unless the necessary extensions would be made to the framework. The central question of this thesis focuses on quantifying the control in mathematical models of the G1/S transition by the individual cell cycle processes. Since MCA was never applied to the cell cycle, several new methods needed to be added to the framework. The most important extension made it possible to follow and quantify, during a single cell cycle, the control properties of the individual system processes. Subsequently, these newly developed methods were used to determine the control by the individual processes of an important checkpoint in mammalian cells, the restriction point. The positioning of the restriction point in the cell cycle was distributed over numerous system processes, but the following processes carried most of the control: reactions involved in the interplay between retinoblastoma protein (Rb) and E2F transcription factor, reactions responsible for the synthesis of Delayed Response Genes and Cyclin D/Cdk4 in response to growth signals, the E2F dependent Cyclin E/Cdk2 synthesis reaction, as well as the reactions involved in p27 formation. In addition it was shown that these reactions exhibited their control on the restriction point via the Cyclin E/Cdk2/p27 complex. Any perturbation of the system leading to a change in the restriction point could be explained via its e ect on the Cyclin E/Cdk2/p27 complex, showing a causal relation between restriction point positioning and the concentration of the Cyclin E/Cdk2/p27 complex. Finally, we applied the new methods, with a modular approach, to compare a number of cell cycle models for Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast) and mammalian cells with respect to the existence of a mass checkpoint. Such a checkpoint ensures that cells would have a critical mass at the G1/S transition point. Indeed, in budding yeast, a correction mechanism was observed in the G1 phase, which stabilizes the size of cells at the G1/S transition point, irrespective of changes in the specific growth rate. This in contrast to the mammalian cell cycle models in which no such mass checkpoint could be observed in the G1 phase. In this thesis it is shown that by casting specific questions on the regulation and control of cell cycle transition points in the here extended framework of MCA, it is possible to derive consensus answers for subsets of mathematical models.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die selsiklus bestaan uit agtereenvolgende groei- en delingsiklusse wat tot selvermeerdering lei. Die siklus word gekenmerk deur onderskeie fases (G1, S, G2 en M) wat deur sogenaamde beheerpunte gereguleer word. Hierdie beheerpunte verseker dat selvermeerdering nie ongekontroleerd kan plaasvind nie en mutasies wat lei tot foutiewe regulering van die G1/S transisiepunt word as een van die hoofoorsake van kanker beskou. Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie was om die beheer wat selsiklusprosesse op die G1/S transisie uitoefen met behulp van wiskundige modelle te kwantifiseer. Omdat biologiese sisteme soos die selsiklus ryk dinamiese gedrag vertoon, word hulle tradisioneeldeur middel van dinamiese sisteemanalise bestudeer. Die analisemetode beskik egter nie oor die vermoë om die hoeveelheid beheer wat afsonderlike sisteemprosesse op 0n sisteemeienskap uitoefen te kwantifiseer nie. Om sisteemeienskappe op prosesvlak te verstaan moet metodes soos metaboliese kontrole analise (MKA) ingespan word. MKA was egter ontwikkel om sisteme in 0n bestendige toestand te analiseer en aangesien MKA nog nooit vantevore vir selsiklus analises gebruik was nie, moes nuwe MKA tegnieke gedurende die studie ontwikkel word. Die belangrikste van die metodes maak dit moontlik om beheer (soos uitgeoefen deur die onderskeie sisteemprosesse) oor 0n enkele selsiklus na te volg en te kwantifiseer. Die nuut-ontwikkelde metodes was vervolgens gebruik om te bepaal hoe een so 0n beheerpunt in soogdierselle - die restriksiepunt - deur die onderskeie sisteemprosesse beheer word. Die studie het aangedui dat die posisie van die restriksiepunt tydens die selsiklus deur ’n verskeidenheid sisteemprosesse beheer word. Die bevinding was dat vier prosesse beduidend meer beheer op die posisie van die restriksiepunt uitoefen: Reaksies wat betrekking het op die wisselwerking tussen retinoblastoma proteïen (Rb) en E2F transkripsiefaktor; reaksies verantwoordelik vir die sintese van vertraagde responsgene en Siklien D/Cdk4 in respons tot groeiseine; die E2F afhanklike Siklien E/Cdk2 sintesereaksie; sowel as die reaksies betrokke in p27 vorming. Daar was ook aangetoon dat hierdie reaksies hul beheer op die posisie van die restriksiepunt deur die Siklien E/Cdk2/p27 kompleks uitoefen, siende enige sisteemversteuringe (wat tot veranderinge in die restriksiepuntposisie aanleiding gee) deur veranderinge in die kompleks verklaar kon word - 0n observasie wat aandui dat daar 0n kousale verhouding is tussen die posisie van die restriksiepunt en die Siklien E/Cdk2/p27 kompleks. Die nuut-ontwikkelde metodes was verder gebruik om 0n verskeidenheid selsiklusmodelle van Saccharomyces cerevisiae (bakkersgis) en soogdierselle met 0n modulêre aanpak te vergelyk om te bepaal of daar 0n massa beheerpunt in beide soogdier- en bakkersgisselle bestaan. Daar word gepostuleer dat hierdie beheerpunt verseker dat selle 0n kritiese massa by die G1/S transisiepunt bereik. Die resultate van die studie dui daarop dat bakkersgis, anders as soogdierselle, oor so 0n korreksiemeganisme beskik. Die meganisme stabiliseer die grootte van selle in die G1 fase ondanks veranderinge in die groeitempo van die selle, sodat massa homeostaties by die G1/S transisiepunt gehandhaaf word. Die studie het getoon dat moeilike vrae met betrekking tot die selsiklus beantwoord kan word deur van wiskundige modelle gebruik te maak en die probleme in die nuut-ontwikkelde metaboliese kontrole analise raamwerk te giet.
Description
Thesis (PhD (Biochemistry))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
Keywords
Cell cycle, Metabolic control analysis, Kinetic model comparison, Restriction point, Dissertations -- Biochemistry, Theses -- Biochemistry
Citation