Drinking behaviour, alcohol outcome expectancies, and drinking motives of South African university students : a consumer behaviour perspective

Date
2015-12
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Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY: The world has a serious alcohol problem, with an estimated 5.9% of global deaths and 5.1% of the global burden of disease attributable to alcohol. Globally, alcohol is responsible for more deaths than HIV/AIDS, violence or tuberculosis, and has been identified as a serious health problem and priority, especially in middle-income countries such as South Africa. In fact, in South Africa the problem is even more severe, with an estimated 7.0% of all deaths and 7.1% of the burden of disease attributable to alcohol. The problematic drinking behaviour in South Africa is concentrated among young adults who are characterised by high levels of binge, hazardous, and harmful drinking patterns. University students, a minority group of young adults, are characterised by even higher levels of alcohol consumption than their non-student peers, classifying them as a high risk group of drinkers. Thus, the drinking behaviour of South African university students is of great concern to the public health community, academic community as well as corporate members of the alcohol industry. However, very little is known about their drinking behaviour. It was therefore the purpose of this study to provide a better understanding of the drinking behaviour of university students in South Africa by investigating the most proximal variables that influence drinking behaviour. To address this purpose, the alcohol outcome expectancies, drinking motives, drinking behaviour and various socio-demographic indicators of a group of Stellenbosch University students were investigated. The results suggest that a large proportion of university students engage in harmful and hazardous drinking behaviour coupled with a high tendency to engage in binge drinking behaviour. Concerning alcohol outcome expectancies, positive relationships were observed between increased sexual interest and drinking behaviour, tension reduction and drinking behaviour as well as between negative consequences and drinking behaviour. Regarding drinking motives, positive relationships were observed between both social motives and drinking behaviour as well as between enhancement motives and drinking behaviour. Thus, university students in this study predominantly drink to achieve social goals such as to experience heightened levels of enjoyment of social gatherings (i.e. social motives) and to increase or maintain positive affective states, such as feelings of excitement or joy (i.e. enhancement motives). It was also observed that social and enhancement motives mediate the relationship between positive alcohol outcome expectancies and drinking behaviour. More specifically, the effect of increased social confidence on drinking behaviour is fully mediated through social and enhancement motives. The influence of both increased sexual interest and tension reduction on drinking behaviour is also partially mediated through both social and enhancement motives. In light of the present findings, it is recommended that alcohol expectancies and drinking motives should be incorporated into alcohol abuse prevention and education campaigns targeted at university students. It is furthermore recommended that the public health community combine existing alcohol abuse prevention and education campaigns with a more youth-focused approach which endorses moderate alcohol consumption among university students while discouraging excessive consumption through attitude and behavioural change techniques. More specifically, attention should be directed at cultivating a drinking culture among university students focused on moderate consumption, the taste of alcohol, and enjoying the company of others, while simultaneously discouraging excessive consumption.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die wereld het ‘n ernstige alkoholprobleem, met ’n geskatte 5.9% van globale sterftes en 5.1% van die globale siektelas wat aan alkohol toegeskryf kan word. Wereldwyd is alkohol verantwoordelik vir meer sterftes as MIV/VIGS, geweld of tuberkulose, en dit is reeds as ’n ernstige gesondheidsprobleem en -prioriteit geidentifiseer, veral in middel inkomstelande soos Suid-Afrika. Trouens, in Suid-Afrika is die problem selfs erger, met ’n geskatte 7.0% van alle sterftes en 7.1% van die siektelas toeskryfbaar aan alkohol. Die problematiese drinkgedrag in Suid-Afrika is meer gekonsentreerd onder jong volwassenes wat gekenmerk word deur hoe vlakke van gevaarlike, skadelike of fuifdrinkpatrone (binge drinking). Universiteitstudente, ’n minderheidsgroep van jong volwassenes, word gekenmerk deur selfs hoer vlakke van alkoholverbruik as hul nie-studente-portuurgroep, wat beteken dat hulle as ’n hoerisikodrinkergroep geklassifiseer word. Die drinkgedrag van Suid-Afrikaanse universiteitstudente wek dus groot kommer by die openbare gesondheidsgemeenskap en die akademiese gemeenskap, asook by korporatiewe lede van die alkoholbedryf. Baie min is egter bekend omtrent hulle drinkgedrag. Dit was dus die doel van hierdie studie om ’n beter begrip van die drinkgedrag van universiteitstudente in Suid-Afrika te verskaf deur die mees prominente veranderlikes wat drinkgedrag beinvloed, te ondersoek. Om hierdie doel aan te spreek, is die alkohol-uitkomsverwagtinge, drinkmotiewe, drinkgedrag en verskeie sosiodemografiese indikatore van ’n groep studente aan die Universiteit Stellenbosch ondersoek. Die resultate dui daarop dat ’n groot proporsie universiteitstudente deelneem aan skadelike en gevaarlike drinkgedrag. Dit gaan gepaard met ’n sterk neiging om aan fuifdrinkery deel te neem. Wat alkohol-uitkomsverwagtinge betref, is positiewe verhoudings waargeneem tussen seksuele belangstelling en drinkgedrag, spanningsverligting en drinkgedrag asook tussen negatiewe nagevolge en drinkgedrag. Wat drinkmotiewe betref, is positiewe verhoudings waargeneem tussen sosiale motiewe en drinkgedrag sowel as tussen emosionele versterkingsmotiewe en drinkgedrag. Universiteitstudente in hierdie studie drink dus hoofsaaklik om sosiale doelwitte te bereik, soos om verhoogde genietingsvlakke by sosiale geleenthede te ervaar (d.w.s. sosiale motiewe), en om positiewe gemoedstoestande soos gevoelens van opwinding of vreugde te verhoog of te handhaaf (d.w.s. emosionele versterkingsmotiewe). Daar is ook waargeneem dat sosiale motiewe en emosionele versterkingsmotiewe die verhouding tussen positiewe alkohol-uitkomsverwagtinge en drinkgedrag bemiddel. Meer spesifiek word die effek van verhoogde sosiale selfvertroue ten volle bemiddel deur sosiale motiewe en emosionele versterkingsmotiewe. Die invloed van sowel seksuele belangstelling as spanningsverligting op drinkgedrag word ook gedeeltelik bemiddel deur die albei soorte motiewe. In die lig van die bevindinge word daar aanbeveel dat alkohol uitkomsverwagtinge en drinkmotiewe ingesluit word by alkoholmisbruikvoorkomings- en -opvoedingsveldtogte wat op universiteitstudente gemik is. Daar word verder aanbeveel dat die openbare gesondheidsgemeenskap bestaande alkoholmisbruikvoorkomings- en -opvoedingsveldtogte kombineer met ’n meer jeug-gefokusde benadering wat matige alkoholverbruik onder universiteitstudente goedkeur, maar oormatige verbruik ontmoedig deur middel van houdings- en gedragsveranderingstegnieke. Aandag behoort spesifiek geskenk te word aan die kweek van ’n drinkkultuur onder universiteitstudente wat gefokus is op matige verbruik, die smaak van alkohol, en die genieting van die geselskap van ander, terwyl oormatige gebruik terselfdertyd ontmoedig word.
Description
Thesis (MCom)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
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