Social injustice and the prophet Amos

Date
1996-03
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Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The central concern in the Amos text, namely that God terminates social injustice by way of national downfall, is conspiciously absent in South African research, in spite of significant interpretive possibilities from this perspective. The topic of the project is multifaceted by definition, and called for vigorous interdisciplinary investigation. A cursory reading investigation of the entire text of Amos revealed the centrality of social injustice in the original utterances as well as in possible later reworking of the text. There is a strong possibility that Deuteronomistic editor(s) censured the text in order to render Amos' original maledictions of historical annihilation uttered against Judah and Israel, applicable to the northern kingdom of Israel only. This probably resulted in Amos being presented as almost exclusively acting against Israel. In view of known Deuteronomistic ideology and sentiment concerning the royal house of David in Jerusalem, this caused suspicion that affected the outcome of other parts of the investigation. Amos' heimat in Tekoa in the Judaean hill country cannot be doubted. The village played a significant role as military outpost on the border of the Judaean desert, both with respect to checking insurgents poised against the Jerusalem regime, and external attacks into the heartland of Judah. Amos' agricultural pursuits as sheep breeder and sycamore farmer makes good sense in the area of Tekoa, given the clever use of minimal natural resources in typical symbiotic farming ways on the desert fringe. The possibility that Amos could have been connected to Uzziah's agricultural crown enterprises in the Judaean hill country is strong. The language, and particularly the metaphors and images contained in the entire text of Amos, supports this agricultural background in Tekoa. Amos should not be dated merely in terms of Jeroboam II, but if 6:2 is interpreted unbiasedly and linked with the western campaigns of Tiglath-Pileser III, a much later date than the traditional 760-750 BCE emerges. Various references in the text come to light in view of such a later dating, and point to the possibility that Amos uttered prophecies about Samaria shortly before the final assault on that city by the Assyrians. This interpretation also affected other parts of the investigation. The many theories about the gist of the societal conflict in Amos were reviewed. A synthesis of many opposing viewpoints is possible and congruent with the textual evidence. The cultural conflict (tribal versus city background) and the economic exploitation model should not be made mutually exclusive. The role of the state and its heart of power must be re-evaluated as the prime mover of activity in subsystems such as the economy, jurisprudence and religion. Amos was a revolutionary prophet who called down the wrath of God on the diabolic system of, particularly, economic exploitation. He must be interpreted against the backdrop of prophetic figures in Judah mentioned in the Chronicler as well as in the light of political assassinations and removals of Jerusalem rulers before him. The circumstances surrounding the removal of Uzziah, makes it a possibility that Amos as member of the 'ām hǎ āres’ played a role therein. Amos' prophetic career moved him beyond the point where he still thought it possible to reform his society. It is not impossible that he called on Tiglath-Pileser III to assist in the overthrow of the two states of Israel and Judah.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die kernsaak in die Amosteks, naamlik dat God sosiale onreg deur nasionale ondergang beëindig, is opvallend in Suid-Afrikaanse navorsing afwesig, ten spyte van besondere verstaansmoontlikhede vanuit hierdie perspektief. Die navorsingsonderwerp wat as veelfasettig verstaan word, het om sterk interdissiplinêre ondersoek gevra. 'n Kursoriese leesondersoek van die Amosteks het die sentraliteit van sosiale onreg in die oorspronklike uitsprake, sowel as in moontlike latere verwerking van die teks, aangetoon. Daar is 'n sterk moontlikheid dat Deuteronomistiese verwerking die teks polities gesensureer het ten einde oorspronklike malediksies van historiese uitwissing wat teen Juda en Israel gerig was, slegs op Israel van toepassing te maak. Dit het daartoe gelei dat Amos se optrede as bykans eksklusief teen Israel voorgestel is. lndien bekende Deuteronomistiese ideologie en sentiment aangaande die Jerusalem-dinastie hiermee verbind word, lei dit tot suspisie wat ander dele van die ondersoek affekteer. Amos se heimat in Tekoa in die Judese bergland kan nie betwyfel word nie. Die dorp het 'n beduidende rol op die rand van die Judese woestyn as militêre buitepos betreffende anti-Jerusalem insurgente sowel as eksterne aanvalle na die hartland van Juda gespeel. Amos se landboubedrywighede as skaapteler en verwerker van ficus sycomorus maak sin in die Tekoa-omgewing, gegewe die vernuftiga gebruik van minimale natuurlike hulpbronne in tipiese simbiotiese boerderystrategieë op die woestynrand. Die moontlikheid dat Amos met Ussia se landbou kroonondernemings verbind kan word, is sterk. Die metafore, beelde en ander taalkenmerke waarmee die hele Amosteks deurspek is, ondersteun hierdie landbouagtergrond in Tekoa. Amos se optrede kan nie bloot in terme van Jerobeam II gedateer word nie, maar indien 6:2 onbevooroordeeld geinterpreteer en met die westelike veldtogte van Tiglat-Pileser III verbind word, tree 'n veel later datum as die tradisionele 760-750 v.C. na vore. So 'n later datering verhelder verskeie verwysings in die teks en dui op die moontlikheid dat Amos nog kort voor die Assirieërs se finale aanslag op Samaria profesieë aangaande die stad ge-uiter het. Hierdie bevinding het ook ander dele van die ondersoek beinvloed. Die baie teorieë aangaande die samelewingskonflik in Amos is beoordeel. ‘n Sintese van verskeie opponerende gesigspunte is moontlik en kongruent met die getuienis van die teks. Die kulturele konflik (stam- versus stad-agtergrond) en die ekonomiese uitbuiting-modelle moet nie as wedersyds uitsluitend voorgestel word nie. 'n Herwaardering vir die rol van die staat en sy geheime hart van mag as die oerbeweger in subsisteme soos die ekonomie, regspraak en godsdiens, is nodig. Amos was 'n rewolusionêre profeet wat die woede van God op ‘ n sisteem van veral ekonomiese uitbuiting afgeroep het. Hy moet teen die agtergrond van vroeëre profete, profetiese figure in Juda (deur Kroniekskrywer vermeld), sowel as politieke sluipmoorde en verwyderings van regeerders in Jerusalem en Samaria verstaan word. Die omstandighede rondom die verwydering van Ussia bied die moontlikheid dat Amos as lid van die 'ām hǎ āres’ 'n rol daarin gespeel het. Sy profetiese loopbaan het hom verby die punt gevoer waar hy nog die hervorming van sy samelewing moontlik geag het. Dit is nie onmoontlik nie dat hy ‘n beroep op Tiglat-Pileser III gedoen het in verband met die omverwerping van Israel en Juda.
Description
Thesis (DTh)--Stellenbosch University, 1996.
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