The burden of childhood tuberculosis: A public health perspective
Date
2005
Authors
Marais B.J.
Obihara C.C.
Warren R.M.
Schaaf H.S.
Gie R.P.
Donald P.R.
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Abstract
The burden of childhood tuberculosis (TB) reflects recent transmission within a community and the level of TB control achieved within the adult (maintenance host) population. Children contribute little to the maintenance of the TB epidemic, but they may suffer severe TB-related morbidity and mortality. This review describes the main determinants of the burden of childhood TB within a particular community. Basic infectious disease principles identify the community, and not the individual, as the central entity that sustains an epidemic. The prevalence of TB is determined by the community's exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and their vulnerability to developing disease following exposure. The main variables that influence both exposure and vulnerability are discussed. Multiple variables are linked to poverty, and it is their cumulative effect, rather than the exact degree of poverty, that seems most important. Diligent contact tracing and the use of preventive chemotherapy will reduce the TB-related suffering of children. The burden of childhood TB, however, is a reflection of our ability to control the epidemic; this remains the ultimate challenge. Current efforts to control the TB epidemic aim to reduce transmission by treating sputum smear-positive adults, while very little emphasis is placed on reducing the vulnerability of high-burden communities. Successful control of the epidemic is the most effective way to reduce the burden of childhood TB, but this will require a holistic approach that acknowledges the importance of sustainable poverty alleviation. © 2005 The Union.
Description
Keywords
BCG vaccine, gamma interferon receptor, isoniazid, rifampicin, tuberculostatic agent, bacterial transmission, delayed diagnosis, disease predisposition, genetic susceptibility, high risk population, human, Human immunodeficiency virus, immune deficiency, lung tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, nutritional deficiency, population exposure, poverty, priority journal, review, sputum smear, stress, systematic review, tuberculin test, tuberculosis control, Adult, Age Factors, Child, Child, Preschool, Cost of Illness, Humans, Prevalence, Residence Characteristics, Risk Factors, Tuberculosis
Citation
International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
9
12
9
12