Assessing the feasibility of assisted colonisation to reduce climate change extinction risk for Western Cape proteaceae

Date
2021-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Anthropogenic climate change may be testing certain species’ abilities to adapt via range migration, or natural selection in situ. Particularly vulnerable species have restricted ranges and limited dispersal capabilities – characteristics of many endemic species found in the Cape Floristic Region (CFR). Many have evolved anti-telechory, including several Proteaceae species, and may thus require active conservation interventions to ensure their future persistence in the wild. Assisted Colonisation (AC) is a conservation strategy aimed at reducing species’ climate change-induced extinction risk, but no detailed assessments exist of the feasibility of assisted colonisation in the CFR context. By combining Species Distribution Modelling (SDM) outputs for 191 Proteaceae species under future climate scenarios, with selected species traits and land-use maps, this study developed a hierarchical screening approach to identify potential assisted colonisation candidates in the CFR. Using projections over shorter time periods allowed for more potential assisted colonisation candidates to be identified and using life-history traits in conjunction with spatial projections shifted the prioritisation of some assisted colonisation candidates. Thirty-one potential assisted colonisation candidates were identified and subset into three types: Sustained intervention, Short-term intervention, and Mitigation dependent candidates, indicating different degrees of active intervention. The Mitigation dependent candidate group highlighted the potential for future global emissions reductions to reduce extinction risk for several assisted colonisation candidate species projected to become highly vulnerable after 2040. Vulnerable species not suitable for assisted colonisation were also identified. Some implicit assumptions behind assisted colonisation implementation were explored using field measurements on selected populations of Protea compacta, a species historically planted and harvested for the cut flower industry. P. compacta allowed exploration of ecological performance differences across a range of environmental suitability levels. P. compacta populations were targeted in sites defined by species distribution models (SDMs) as having high bioclimatic suitability in ‘core’ range sites, supporting naturally established populations, and sites of ‘marginal’ bioclimatic suitability, occupied by artificially introduced populations. The latter represents a pragmatic assisted colonisation approach – establishing populations in marginal sites that are projected to become more suitable with progressive climate change. Microhabitat buffering against low suitability in a marginal site was also explored. Measurements unexpectedly showed individuals in marginal sites had higher growth and flowering rates, but higher disease susceptibility. Additionally, the densely populated core sites showed significantly more monopodial branching, and sympodial branching in marginal sites, suggesting that the relaxation of strong intraspecific competition in marginal sites may compensate for lower population densities, supporting population establishment, and thus favouring the practical implementation of assisted colonisation. This pattern was confirmed by a finer-scale study at a marginal site, where high population densities found in wetter microhabitats showed growth and flowering responses similar to those in core populations. This supports the idea that purposeful microhabitat choices may buffer marginal unsuitability and increase likelihood of successful assisted colonisation implementation. This work has allowed for a novel assessment of the feasibility of assisted colonisation in the CFR, but assessment of unintended consequences and generalising to more species and systems is necessary to further establish a basis for considering assisted colonisation implementation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Bewyse oor klimaatsverandering dui daarop dat die koers daarvan die koers kan oorskry waarteen sekere spesies kan migreer of in situ aanpas. Spesies met beperkte reekse en verspreidingsvermoë is veral kwesbaar, soos baie van die endemiese spesies in die Kaapse Floristiek Streek (KFS). Baie spesies in hierdie streek het kortafstrand verspreiding ontwikkel, insluitend baie Proteaceae. Hierdie spesies benodig dalk meer aktiewe bewaringsintervensies om hul toekomstige voortbestaan in die natuur te verseker. Hulp Kolonisering (HK) as a ‘n bewaringstrategie kan dalk die risiko van uitwissing verminder, maar daar is geen gedetailleerde beoordelings van die uitvoerbaarheid van HK in die konteks van die KFS nie. Deur die kombinasie van Spesie Verspreidings Modelle (SVM) met spesie-eienskappe en landgebruikskaarte, het hierdie studie 191 Proteaceae beoordeel as potensiële HK-kandidate om die toepasbaarheid van die gebruik van HK in die KFS te beoordeel. 31 potensiële kandidate was geïdentifiseer en in drie soorte gekategoriseer: Volgehoude ingryping kandidate, Kort- termyn ingryping kandidate, en versagtende afhanklike kandidate. Kwesbare spesies was ook geïdentifiseer vir alternatiewe ingryping. Dit is belangrik om te verstaan dat populasie-dinamika kennis nodig is vir die praktiese toepassing van HK. Meeste van huidige HK-gebiede het eers onlangs geskik geword en daarom is dit belangrik om die lewensvatbaarheid van die gebruik van marginale gebiede te beoordeel. Protea compacta-groei- en reproduksieprestasie was in twee kern- en twee marginale gebiede ondersoek. Mikrohabitatte was ook binne een marginale gebied getoets om te bepaal of dit ongeskiktheid kan verreken. Dit was gevind dat marginale gebiede goed gepresteer in verhouding tot kerngebiede. Hoë oorlewing as gevolg van die hoë geskiktheid van kerngebiede het gelei tot 'n hoë intraspesifieke kompetisie. Dit het gelei tot laer reproduksietempo’s en minimale vertakking (as gevolg van hoër intraspesifieke digtheid). Marginale populasies het dalk laer oorlewings gewys as saailinge, en dus laer intraspesifieke kompetiesie. Hierdie populasies het egter meer blomme geproduseer en komplekse vertakkings vertoon. Individue in sypels het soortgelyke neigings as kern-populasies getoon. Hierdie studie het dus bevind dat sekere mikrohabitatte die kernpopulasieprestasie binne ‘n marginale gebied naboots. Die kombinasie van modellering en meganistiese benaderings het ‘n voorlopige positiewe beoordeling van die potensiaal vir HK- toepassing in die konteks van die KFS anngedui.
Description
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2021.
Keywords
Assisted colonisation, Assisted migration (Plant colonization) -- South Africa -- Cape Floristic Region, Anthropogenic effects on climatic changes, Proteaceae -- Climatic factors -- South Africa -- Western Cape, Conservation management -- South Africa -- Western Cape, UCTD
Citation