Determining the biomass and nutrient content of the invasive Acacia mearnsii and Eucalyptus camaldulensis trees in Fynbos riparian zones

Date
2020-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Alien tree invasion into South African riparian zones remains a significant threat to water resources and biodiversity. While much has been done to limit the spread of invasive alien trees, there are still great strides to be made in successful management of extant invasive alien stands and in reducing the potential for future invasions and re-invasions. This dissertation sought to improve our understanding of stands of Acacia mearnsii (Black wattle) and Eucalyptus camaldulensis (River red gum) in riparian zones of the Western Cape of South Africa. Information is presented on the extent of invasion in selected catchment areas and its implications for rehabilitation of such sites post-clearing. Additionally, biomass products in the form of wood chips and biochar have been trialled to determine its efficacy as soil amendment agents in agriculture. Sites were selected along the upper to middle Breede River, where stands of either A. mearnsii or E. camaldulensis were present in high and low densities. Trees were sampled destructively for biomass and nutrient determinations. From different subsets of trees of the same invasive species, wood chips and biochar were produced and used in greenhouse-based experiments on the agricultural crops Brassica napus (canola) and Triticum aestivum (wheat). Samples were grouped along density extremes, for which allometric models for biomass and nutrient contents showed divergent patterns throughout. Biomass and nutrient data were used to determine the potential for nutrient export from sites during large-scale clearing operations. It is widely accepted that nutrient accumulation through invasion could impair ecosystem recover. However, it is also estimated here that a high-density site of A. mearnsii could store approximately 110 t ha-1 of AGB, which could contain up to 46 kg of P, 1200 kg of N, and 63 tonnes of C. Similarly, a high-density site of E. camaldulensis which has approximately 92 t ha-1 of aboveground biomass (AGB), could store up to 531 kg of N, 78 kg of P, and 52 tonnes of C.These nutrients can be lost through large-scale biomass removal (including loss of C storagecapacity) and most are likely to significantly impact recovery of affected ecosystems. The effectof short-term storage on the allelopathic potential of wood chips was also tested during this studyon wheat and canola. For canola, fresh chips of A. mearnsii promoted shoot growth more thanany of the other treatments. For wheat, however, fresh chips of E. camaldulensis were best suitedfor shoot growth. Allelopathic effects in AGB components of both invasive species were recordedin leachate from photosynthetic components and are minimal in stem material. It is suggestedthat the bulk stemwood is safest for soil applications and inclusion of other components may beappropriate in smaller quantities. With biochar, it was shown for both crop species that the additionof fertiliser is critical for shoot development. It is suggested that either or both of these biomassproducts be tested in an ecosystem rehabilitation context. This study shows the need for a more effective means of invasive alien tree management that considers all the various aspects of invasion in South Africa. Large-scale removal of IAPs in South Africa presents several opportunities, but could also pose significant future challenges if it is not done with consideration for natural processes and cycles. It is proposed here that the current invasive alien tree management models be re-evaluated to include new information such as soil nutrient enrichment and export, potential use of biomass and biomass products, the place of invasion as both a driver and a consequence of ecological disturbance, and the need for an integrated ecosystem management framework.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Indringing van uitheemse bome in Suid-Afrikaanse oewergebiede is steeds 'n bedreiging vir waterbronne en biodiversiteit. Alhoewel baie al gedoen is om die verspreiding van uitheemse indringerplante te beperk, is daar steeds baie stappe wat geneem moet word om hierdie indringerplante suksesvol te bestuur en om potensiële toekomstige indringing te verminder. Hierdie proefskrif het beoog om ons begrip te verbeter rakende indringing deur Acacia mearnsii (swart wattel) en Eucalyptus camaldulensis (rivier rooigom) in oewergebiede in die Wes Kaap van Suid Afrika. Inligting word aangebied oor die omvang van die indringing in geselekteerde areas in die Breede rivier opvanggebied, en die gevolge daarvan vir rehabilitasie nadat indringer-biomassa verwyder is. Boonop is biomassa-produkte in die vorm van houtskyfies en steenkool aangewend om die doeltreffendheid daarvan as grondwysigingsagente in landbou te bepaal. Persele was gekies lags die hoër-tot-middel- Breërivier waar bosse van A. mearnsii of E. camaldulensis in hoë en lae digthede aanwesig was. Monsters is geneem deur die gebruik van vernietigende metodes vir die bepaling van biomassa en voedinstowwe in bome. Houtskyfies en steenkool is vervaardig van verskillende onderafdelings van bome van dieselfde indringerspesies, en was gebruik in kweekhuis-eksperimente op die landbougewasse, Brassica napus (kanola) en Triticum aestivum (koring). Monsters is volgens digtheidsekstreme gegroepeer, waarvoor allometriese modelle vir biomassa en voedingsinhoud deurgaans uiteenlopende patrone vertoon het. Data vir biomassa en voedingstowwe is gebruik om die potensiaal vir die uitvoer van voedingstowwe vanaf steekproefpersele tydens grootskaalse skoonmaakoperasies te bepaal. Dit word algemeen aanvaar dat die ophoping van voedingstowwe deur indringing die herstel van die ekosisteem kan beïnvloed. Dit word egter ook hier geskat dat 'n hoëdigtheidsgebied van A. mearnsii ongeveer 110 ton ha-1 bo-grondse biomassa (BGB) kan bevat, wat tot 46 kg P, 1200 kg N en 63 ton C kan opberg. Ingselyks kan n Eucalyptus camaldulensis hoëdigtheidsgebied wat ongeveer 92 t ha-1 BGB het, kan tot 531 kg N, 78 kg P en 52 ton C opberg. Hierdie voedinstowwe kan verlore gaan deur grootskaalse verwydering van biomassa (inlsuitende n verlies aan koolstofopbergingskapasiteit) en meeste hiervan sal waarskynlik die herstel van geaffekteerde ekosisteme beduidend beïnvloed. Die effek van korttermynopslag op die allelopatiese potensiaal van houtskyfies is ook tydens hierdie studie op koring en kanola getoets. Vir kanola het vars skyfies van A. mearnsii die groei van lote meer bevorder as enige van die ander behandelings. Vir koring was die vars skyfies van E. camaldulensis egter die beste geskik vir die groei van lote. Allelopatiese effekte in BGB-komponente van albei indringerspesies is opgeteken in logwater van fotosintetiese komponente en is minimaal in stammateriaal. Daar word voorgestel dat die grootmaat stammateriaal die veiligste is vir grondtoediening, en dat ander komponente in kleiner hoeveelhede ingesluit kan word. Met biochar is daar vir albei gewasspesies gewys dat die toevoeging van kunsmis van kritieke belang is vir die ontwikkeling van lote. Daar word voorgestel dat een of albei van hierdie biomassa-produkte in 'n ekosisteemrehabilitasie-konteks getoets word. Hierdie studie toon die behoefte aan vir 'n meer effektiewe manier van indringerboombestuur wat alle verskillende aspekte van indringing in Suid-Afrika in ag neem. Grootskaalse verwydering van indringerplante in Suid-Afrika bied verskeie geleenthede, maar dit kan ook belangrike uitdagings vir die toekoms inhou as dit nie gedoen word met inagneming van natuurlike prosesse en siklusse nie. Dit word voorgestel hier dat die huidige modelle rondom die bestuur van indringerplante hervalueer word om nuwe inligting soos verryking en uitvoer van grondvoedingstowwe, potensiële gebruik van biomassa en biomassaprodukte, indringing as 'n drywer en 'n gevolg van ekologiese versteuring, en die behoefte aan 'n geïntegreerde ekosisteembestuursraamwerk in te sluit.
Description
Thesis (PhDConsEcol)--Stellenbosch University, 2020.
Keywords
Alien plants -- Ecology -- South Africa, Biodiversity -- Effect of climatic changes on, Riparian areas -- South Africa -- Western Cape, Invasive plants -- Control -- Economic aspects -- South Africa -- Western Cape, Alien plants -- Control -- South Africa -- Western Cape, Introduced organisms -- South Africa, Fynbos -- Conservation -- South Africa -- Western Cape
Citation