The biogeochemistry of bioactive trace elements cadmium and cobalt in the Southern Ocean, Atlantic Sector

Date
2017-03
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The biogeochemical cycling of the bio-active dissolved trace metals cadmium (DCd) and cobalt (DCo), are reported on a meridional transect of the Southern Atlantic, spanning 36°S to 68°S. Seawater samples were collected using an adaptation of the GEOTRACES clean sampling method concurrent to the austral mid-summer (2015). A multi-element inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) technique, coupled with the commercially available seaFAST pre-concentration module was set up and validated for 8 trace elements (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb). The method proved highly precise (≤10%RSD) in the repeated analysis of an in-house control (TM4A), and accurate in the analysis of the SAFe (D2) international natural seawater reference material. Iron (Fe) quantification proved precise (≤5%RSD) and accurate under repeat analysis. Furthermore, two GEOTRACES standards, GSP and GSC, were analysed for contributing to the determination of their consensus values. DCo concentrations within the oligotrophic sub-surface waters (500m) of the Sub-Tropical Zone (STZ) are heavily depleted (12.57 pmol/kg) owing to strong bio-utilization. Conversely, sub-surface Antarctic Intermediate Waters (AAIW) near the Sub-Antarctic Front (SAF) were elevated (36.1 pmol/kg). Concentrations subsequently decline meridionally through the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) steadying within the Weddell Gyre (20.3 pmol/kg). STZ DCd sub-surface concentrations are notably depleted (74.1 pmol/kg). However, sub-surface concentrations increase within the ACC at the SAF (450 pmol/kg), continuing into the Weddell Gyre (700.8 pmol/kg). DCd exhibits a typical nutrient-like profile, with bio-utilization in the surface (MLD), followed by regeneration and conservation. The nutrient like behaviour of bio-utilized DCd was exemplified by an excellent Cd/P sub-surface correlation in the ACC, waning somewhat in the sub-optimal productivity of the Weddell Gyre. However, abiotic factors may have contributed to DCd concentrations. The complete water column concentrations ranged from 8.4 ± 0.05 pmol/kg to 902 ± 22.71 pmol/kg. Conversely, DCo demonstrated a typical hybrid-type vertical distribution – nutrient uptake and remineralization in the surface succeeded by scavenging controlled by heterogeneous oxidising bacteria. The complete water column concentrations ranged from 4.1 ± 0.02 pmol/kg to 38.9 ± 0.3 pmol/kg. Elevated DCo concentrations in the sub-surface and a poor but significant DCo/Salinity correlation, suggest DCo flux in the expanse surrounding 46°S and 68°S. Keywords: Biogeochemical cycling, Dissolved Co and Cd, GEOTRACES, ICP-MS, Iron (Fe), seaFAST, Southern Atlantic.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die biogeochemiese sirkulering van die bio-aktiewe opgelosde spoor metale kadmium (DCd) en kobalt (DCo), word berig op 'n meridionale transeksie van die Suider-Atlantiese Oseaan, wat van 36 °S tot 68 °S strek. Seewater monsters was ingesamel met behulp van 'n aanpassing van die GEOTRACES skoon steekproefmetode tydens die middel van die suidelike somer (2015). 'N Multi-element induktiefgekoppelde plasma massaspektrometrie (ICP-MS) tegnologie, tesame met die kommersieel beskikbare seaFAST pre-konsentrasie module is opgestel en bekragtig vir 8 spoorelemente (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb). Die metode bewys hoogs akkuraat (≤10% RSD) in die herhaalde analise van 'n in-huis beheer (TM4A), en akkuraat in die ontleding van die SAFe (D2) internasionale natuurlike seewater verwysingsmateriaal. Yster (Fe) kwantifisering bewys presies (≤5% RSD) en akkuraat onder herhaalende analise. Verder, twee GEOTRACES standaarde, GSP en GSC, is ontleed om by te dra tot die bepaling van hul konsensus waardes. DCo konsentrasies binne die oligotrofiese sub-oppervlak water (500m) van die Subtropiese Sone (STZ) is swaar uitgeput (12,57 pmol/kg) as gevolg van 'n sterk bio-benutting. Aan die ander kant was Sub-Antarktiese Front (SAF) sub-oppervlak water (AAIW) verhef (36.1 pmol/kg). Konsentrasies daal daarna meridionally deur die Antarktiese Circumpolaire Huideging (ACC) en bedaar binne die Weddell Gyre (20.3 pmol/kg). STZ DCd sub-oppervlak konsentrasies was veral arm (74,1 pmol / kg). Maar, sub-oppervlak konsentrasies verhoog binne die ACC naby die SAF (450 pmol / kg), voortgesette in die Weddell Gyre (700,8 pmol/kg). DCd toon 'n tipiese voedingstof-agtige profiel, met bio-benutting in die oppervlak (MLD), gevolg deur die wedergeboorte en bewaring. Die voedingstowwe soos gedrag van bio-gebruik DCd is vergestalt deur 'n uitstekende Cd/P sub-oppervlak korrelasie in die ACC, besig om te kwyn ietwat in die sub-optimale produktiwiteit van die Weddell Gyre. Dit kan egter wees dat abiotiese faktore bygedra het tot DCd konsentrasies. Die volledige waterkolom konsentrasies het gewissel van 8.4 ± 0.05 pmol/kg tot 902 ± 22,71 pmol/kg. Aan die ander kant, demonstreer DCo 'n tipiese baster-tipe vertikale verspreiding - voedingsopname en remineralisatie in die oppervlak, opgevolg deur aas beheer tekoms heterogene oksideer- bakterieë. Die volledige waterkolom konsentrasies het gewissel van 4.1 ± 0,02 pmol/kg tot 38,9 ± 0,3 pmol/kg. Verhoogde DCo konsentrasies in die sub-oppervlak en 'n arm, maar beduidende DCo/Zoutgehalte korrelasie, raai DCo vloed in die uitspansel rondom 46 °S en 68 °S. Sleutelwoorde: biogeochemiese sirkulering, opgelosde Co en Cd, GEOTRACES, induktiefgekoppelde plasma massaspektrometrie (ICP-MS), yster (Fe), seaFAST, Suider-Atlantiese Oseaan
Description
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2017.
Keywords
Biogeochemical cycles -- Southern Atlantic, Cobalt, Cadmium, Biogeochemistry, UCTD
Citation